• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.277-285
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate the impact of the Corona pandemic on the earning quality (EQ) of Saudi national banks. It was conducted to evaluate the measurement of the earning quality based on the Penman approach. The researchers used the analytical method to conduct the study to find the effect of this Pandemic. Data was collected from the annual reports for the period 2010 to 2020 from Saudi national banks, which are twelve according to the annual report for the Saudi central bank, and eight of them were selected as a sample of the study. The banks are Alinma Bank, Al Rajhi Bank, Bank Al Bilad, The National Commercial Bank, Bank Aljazeera, Riyad Bank, Samba Financial Group (Samba), and Arab National Bank. The study findings showed that the Corona pandemic had a negative impact on the Saudi economy, and led to deflation in 2020 by 4.1% due to the oil sector. They also showed reducing oil production by the (OPEC +) agreement to achieve stability in the oil market and the non-oil sector. It was also revealed that the profits of Saudi commercial banks in 2020 decreased by 23.1% and that the Corona pandemic had Caused the earning quality to decline in all the studied banks.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

This study's goal is to investigate the effects of board size, the number of annual board meetings, the profitability of the company, and the audit Committee on the disclosure of climate change in Saudi companies listed on the stock exchange. It was conducted to evaluate affecting some factors on carbon emissions by the regression model. The study uses the content analysis method. Data was collected from the annual and sustainability reports, and the platform database Refinitiv, an LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group Company) for the period 2018 to 2021. The study sample is 51 companies. The study findings showed Saudi Arabia saw its first significant overall drop in CO2 emissions with a 22.61 MtCO2 decline (3.93%) in 2018. The study revealed a positive connection between the size of the director's board, and the disclosure of carbon emissions in Saudi firms listed on the stock market. While other factors are not related to the number of director's board meetings, the audit committee, and the profitability of the company on the disclosure of carbon emissions in the Saudi companies listed on the stock exchange.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.545-560
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• 2001

The Purpose of this study was to suggest the direction of restructuring organization of KNA. For this purpose, it was tried to identify the organization structure and effectiveness of KNA and member's need and perception on KNA, and to compare with other NNA's organization structures and major activities. To collect the data, Delphi technique and survey were done. And the various data such as the annual reports, inspection reports, the articles of KNA, ANA, JNA, and RCN and other related references were investigated as well. The subjects were consisted of 102 representatives of KNA and 520 staff nurses. The data was collected from September 20. 1999 to February 10. 2000. In conclusion, this study recommends the following actions to restructure the organization of KNA. 1) The current framework of the overall structure will be maintained. 2) Among organizations in the Headquarter, the policy-making and revenue-making functions will be strengthened. 3) The opportunities of participation of the general members in the KNA activities will bee more reinforced than as it is. 4) The way of constitution of the Representatives and the Board of Directors will be modified not to be partial in terms of representativeness. 5) More emphasis will be put in such projects as welfare improvement of members, and advocacy of members' right at work.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.71-81
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• 2020

Purpose: This case study illustrates the successful entry of Saudi Aramco in the Korean market and how it grows to become one of the world's largest integrated energy enterprises. Research design, data and methodology: This case investigates diverse secondary sources to examine the entry strategy of Aramco in Korea, such as several interviews including public and anonymous dialogues, periodicals, dispatches (i.e. news articles and magazines), annual reports, industrial reports, and others. Results: The main concern for the international strategic approaching of Saudi Aramco is to enter into Korean market by joint venture with SsangYong Oil (today's S-Oil Corporation) in 1991 and finally, ending by Acquisition of S-Oil in 2015. This acquisition of local No.3 company, S-Oil, in Korea is the successful case in Asian Markets overcoming liability of foreignness. Moreover, Saudi Aramco's global distribution strategy through localization in the Korean market is appropriate given the market conditions, timing, effectiveness, and efficiency by sharing their resources and collaborating. Conclusions: It would be valuable, unique, and real story to analyze global leading company's entry and globalization strategy in overseas market. In addition, this study provides decision-makers with a significant and more strategic implication for the overseas expansion of businesses.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.53-60
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• 2015

This study identifies the common problems faced by the owners of strata titles, the Management Corporation, the Joint Management Body, the Commissioner of Building (COB) as well as the Managing Agent being the stakeholders in managing strata properties. The methods employed are qualitative in nature. Analysis is done based on reports published by the relevant authorities dealing with strata residential properties as well as the case law as reported in the two leading journals in Malaysia such as the Malayan Law Journal and the Current Law Journal. The types and nature of problems are derived from the annual reports. The extent of the problems is determined based on the figures and supported by observation and interviews with the COB, being the agency directly involved in overseeing and monitoring strata properties management. The findings show that a substantial number of problems exist in the management of strata properties despite a law that allows the owners to self-managed their own properties. Having stated the status quo concerning the problems, the study also looks at the various means of resolving disputes as exist under the Malaysian housing system. The study proposes that alternative dispute resolution (ADR) modes are more appropriate in ensuring the sustainability of strata living and management.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.119-128
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• 2020

The aim of this paper is to investigate the level of intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) in commercial banks listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. This paper also observed the effects of ICD and corporate governance mechanism on market value. This study uses content analysis techniques to measure ICD. The paper provides a novel approach to measure the ICD quality in developing countries using a four-numerical coding system. Secondary data were obtained from the financial statements and annual reports of the banks for the period 2011-2014. The data from 31 banks were analyzed using ordinary least square regression. The study reports that the quality of intellectual capital disclosure in Indonesian commercial banks increase steadily. Narrative disclosure dominates the report of intellectual capital in Indonesian banks. The results indicate that the size of audit committee, frequency of audit committee meeting, and intellectual capital disclosure affect positively the market value. Overall, the results indicate intellectual capital disclosure is associated with the market capitalization; these findings indicate that the ICD is a consideration in a stock investment decision. While regulations in Indonesia regarding intellectual capital reporting are not conclusive yet, the information needs of stakeholders have encouraged companies to expand voluntary disclosure.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.903-909
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• 2021

The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings management is still a debate. Several previous studies showed that CSR is a determinant of earnings management. Meanwhile, others revealed the reverse. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of CSR disclosure on earnings management and the effect of earnings management on CSR disclosure. This study was conducted with mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2016-2019 period. The research data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The data is obtained from financial statements, annual reports, and sustainability reports. The results reveal that there is a positive relationship between CSR disclosure and earnings management. This study also shows that the relationship model of CSR disclosure and earnings management is recursive. This finding implies that CSR disclosure is a tool used by management to cover up unethical actions from stakeholders. These results verify the agency theory and opportunist hypothesis regarding the relationship between CSR and earnings management. The novelty of this study lies in highlighting the recursive model of the relationship between CSR and earnings management.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.895-904
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the impact of innovation on firm efficiency. Panel data of fourteen finance companies and nine technology companies from 2011 to 2019 on the Vietnam Stock Exchange Market is derived from audited financial statements, annual reports, and other crucial reports that are provided by Vietstock; macroeconomic variables are collected from the World Bank Database. A two-stage approach is used. First, use of the Data Envelopment Analysis methodology to measure firm efficiency. Second, use of the Pooled ordinary least squares, the Fixed effects model, and the Random effects model to investigate the impact of innovation on firm efficiency. Furthermore, the Generalized Method of Moments and the Tobit model are used to validate the impact of innovation on firm efficiency, and the t-test is used to confirm the difference in efficiency with and without the impact of innovation between two industries. The results show that there is a significant impact of innovation on efficiency, and innovation plays a more important in increasing the efficiency of the finance industry than the technology industry. Moreover, the relation between age and efficiency is like the U-shaped, and between size and efficiency is like the inverted U-shaped, whereas efficiency is not associated with inflation.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.69-114
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• 2010

This study investigates the voluntary corporate disclosure of environmental information via stand-alone environmental reports or company web-sites. Quality of disclosure was assessed using the content analysis index proposed by Clarkson et al. (2008) based on GRI guidelines. Descriptive statistics on disclosure scores by category suggest that the level of disclosure is low relative to the expectation implied by the GRI reporting guidelines, and points to the need for improvement in the future. Specific areas where improvement is required include the disclosure of environmental performance indicators. Corporate environmental performance was measured in terms of the percentage of toxic wastes that was treated or processed by each firm and economic performance, by industry-adjusted annual return, which was subject to a series of association tests designed to explore the interrelations among environmental disclosure, environmental performance, and economic performance. The individual equation approach based on OLS procedures suggests a positive association between environmental performance and the level of discretionary environmental disclosures, which is not the case between environmental and economic performance. An integrated analysis using simultaneous equations approach does not indicate any significant relationships among three constructs, suggesting the lack of endogeneity, inconsistent with Al-Tuwaijri et al. (2004). Additional analysis assesses the level of environmental disclosure made in footnotes to the audited annual reports, which suggests that the quality of disclosure is very low and that footnote disclosure does not serve as a meaningful channel for the provision of corporate environmental information.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.297-305
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to suggest the operational problems and improvement methods of the teacher aide system in Korean special education. To suggest the operational problems and improvement methods of the teacher aide system in special education, annual statistics for special education, annual reports for special education, annual operational plans for special education, and the Act on Special Education for the Disabled Persons, etc. were analyzed. The operational problems of the teacher aide system in special education included (1) the uncertainty of special education teacher aide's role, (2) the lack of cooperation between teachers and special education teacher aides, and (3) the lack of a specific guideline for the management of special education teacher aides. The improvement methods included (1) the legislation of special education teacher aide's role, (2) a training system to improve special education teacher aide's professionalism, and (3) the development of a specific guideline to use and manage special education teacher aides.