• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1968

Formerly T. Nishimura, T. Oshima and M. Otsuru studied on Anisakis-like larvae in the various marine fishes from the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In the present observation, many kinds of marine fishes from the Yellow Sea and the southern coast of Korea were. studied, with the samples from the islands: Eocheng-do, Sohuksan-do, Chuja-do and Keomun-do. The authors examined 313 samples from the adjacent waters of Korea and the distribution of the Anisakis-like larvae in the fish body was found to be 9,219 larvae of Anisakis-like larvae found in the mesentery and coelomic cavity of all samples. Of them, 8,112 Anisakis-like larvae were found from 187 samples from the southern coast of Korea, 1,107 Anisakis-like larvae were found in 126 samples from the Yellow sea (Tables 1 & 2). The fish from the southern coast of Korea are much more infected than the fish from. the Yellow Sea. The larger the fish length, the heavier infection of Anisakis-like larvae were observed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2014

Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitize a wide range of marine animals, mammals serving as the definitive host and different fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. In this study, 18 fish species were investigated for Anisakis infection. Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis, Caranx sp., and Auxis thazard were infected with high prevalence of Anisakis type I, while Cephalopholis cyanostigma and Rastrelliger kanagurta revealed low prevalence. The mean intensity of Anisakis larvae in K. pelamis and A. thazard was 49.7 and 5.6, respectively. A total of 73 Anisakis type I larvae collected from K. pelamis and A. thazard were all identified as Anisakis typica by PCR-RFLP analysis. Five specimens of Anisakis from K. pelamis and 15 specimens from A. thazard were sequenced using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and 6 specimens from A. thazard and 4 specimens from K. pelamis were sequenced in mtDNA cox2 region. Alignments of the samples in the ITS region showed 2 patterns of nucleotides. The first pattern (genotype) of Anisakis from A. thazard had 100% similarity with adult A. typica from dolphins from USA, whereas the second genotype from A. thazard and K. pelamis had 4 base pairs different in ITS1 region with adult A. typica from USA. In the mtDNA cox2 regions, Anisakis type I specimens from A. thazard and K. pelamis showed similarity range from 94% to 99% with A. typica AB517571/DQ116427. The difference of 4 bp nucleotides in ITS1 regions and divergence into 2 subgroups in mtDNA cox2 indicating the existence of A. typica sibling species in the Makassar Strait.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.349-353
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• 2015

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis berlandi (=A. simplex sp. C), and Anisakis typica are the 4 major species of Anisakis type I larvae. In the Republic of Korea (Korea), A. pegreffii, A. berlandi, and A. typica larvae in fish hosts has seldom been documented. In this study, molecular analysis was performed on Anisakis larvae from the sea eels (Astroconger myriaster), the major source of human anisakiasis in Korea, collected from Tongyeong City, a southern coastal area of Korea. All 20 sea eels examined were infected with Anisakis type I larvae (160 larvae; 8 per fish). Their species were analyzed using PCR-RFLP patterns and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8 subunit gene, and ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2). Most (86.8%; 112/129) of the Anisakis type I larvae were A. pegreffii, and 7.8% (10/129) were A. typica. The remaining 5.4% (7/129) was not identified. Thus, A. pegreffii is the major species of anisakid larvae in sea eels of the southern coast of Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.292-297
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• 2023

Extra-gastrointestinal anisakidosis is rare. We herein report an Anisakis pegreffii infection in a patient with hepatic anisakidosis diagnosed based on its molecular identification. A 71-year-old male patient had a hepatic tumor presenting as a low-density area of 20 mm in diameter in segment 6 of the liver on abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The surgically resected pathological specimen revealed a necrotizing eosinophilic granuloma containing nematode larvae, possibly an Anisakis larva. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated Anisakis larvae belonging to A. pegreffii. The present results will help identify and characterize unknown Anisakis species in histological sections.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.314-318
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• 2008

This research aimed to compare the detection methods of Anisakis simplex in Sea fish by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and macroscopic inspection. We examined 18 Trichiurus lepturus, 11 Scomber japonicus, and 65 Todarodes pacificus collected from the retail markets in the areas of Uljin, Kyuonggi province and Seoul. As the result of examinations, we found that detection rate of Anisakis simplex by macroscopic observation was 89% in Trichiurus lepturus, 90.9% in Scomber japonicus, 32.3% in Todarodes pacificus. The detection rate of Anisakis simplex by PCR-RFLP was 77.7% in Trichiurus lepturus, 81.8% in Scomber japonicus, 26.1% in Todarodes pacificus. We could conclude that PCR-RFLP method of Anisakis simplex was more specific rather than macroscopic observation.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.249-253
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• 2021

Anisakiasis is a well-known zoonosis caused by ingestion of raw or thermally undercooked seafood product contaminated with live Anisakis nematode third stage larvae (L3). Several traditional processing techniques have been used to kill or remove the Anisakis larvae worldwide, but thermal processing or deep freezing are the most effective treatments to kill the Anisakis larvae. In this study, we investigated the survival of Anisakis larvae in several condiments (soy bean sauce, wasabi, vinegar, red pepper paste) commonly consumed when eating raw fish in Korea. We also examined several different media (NaCl solution, absolute alcohol, soju) to investigate their larvicidal effect. When directly exposed to various condiments, the most effective larvicidal effect was observed in the mixture of wasabi and soy bean sauce. When exposed to different NaCl solutions, the larvicidal ability became more effective as the concentration increased, but did not show 100% killing effect. In soju, the L3 were killed under less than 4 hr. We observed the larvicidal effects of several condiments in this study, but these results are thought to be carefully interpreted for actual use because all the condiments in this study showed the effect in hours and in general, the L3 are exposed to these condiments only for seconds before ingested in real situation.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.240-250
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• 2023

The genus Anisakis is among the most significant parasites to public health, as it causes anisakiasis, a parasitic infection in humans resulting from consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Although the infection status of Anisakis in second intermediate hosts, such as marine fishes and cephalopods, and humans have been severally reported in Korea, no information about the definitive host in Korean waters is available. In 2014, 2 adult gastric nematodes were collected from a common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) found in the East Sea, Korea. These worms were identified as A. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) by comparing the mitochondrial COX2 marker with previously deposited sequences. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of A. simplex (s.s.) worldwide revealed 2 distinct populations: the Pacific population and the European waters population. This is the first report on adult Anisakis and its definitive host species in Korea. Further studies on Anisakis infection in other cetacean species and marine mammals in Korean seas are warranted.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2014

Hydrolase activities of excretory-secretory products (ESP) and somatic extracts (SE) from Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii larvae were investigated by using API ZYM kit. In esterase group, acid phosphatase showed high activity from both of A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii. Esterase (C4) showed activity only from SE and A. simplex (s.s.) showed higher activity than A. pegreffii. Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase showed higher activity in 3rd stage larvae than in 4th stage larvae of both species. In aminopeptidase group, only leucine arylamidase showed remarkable activity in SE of both anisakid species, and A. simplex (s.s.) SE showed higher activity than A. pegreffii SE. In glycosidase group, N-acetyl-${\beta}$-glucosaminidase, ${\alpha}$-mannosidase, ${\alpha}$-fucosidase showed higher activity in A. simplex (s.s.) than A. pegreffii, and 4th larvae showed higher activity than 3rd larvae. These differences in hydrolase activity of anisakid nematodes larvae are thought to be due to different metabolism such as growth, moulting, digestion and feeding.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2014

Anisakiasis, a human infection of Anisakis L3 larvae, is one of the common foodborne parasitic diseases in Korea. Studies on the identification of anisakid larvae have been performed in the country, but most of them have been focused on morphological identification of the larvae. In this study, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of 174 Anisakis type I larvae collected from 10 species of fish caught in 3 different sea areas in Korea. PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of rDNA ITS and mtDNA cox1 revealed that the larvae showed interesting distribution patterns depending on fish species and geographical locations. Anisakis pegreffii was predominant in fish from the Yellow Sea and the South Sea. Meanwhile, both A. pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto (A. simplex s.str.) larvae were identified in fish from the East Sea, depending on fish species infected. These results suggested that A. pegreffii was primarily distributed in a diverse species of fish in 3 sea areas around Korea, but A. simplex s.str. was dominantly identified in Oncorhynchus spp. in the East Sea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.206-209
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• 2002

From February through March 2002, sixteen rockfishes representing three species were collected from Oregon Coast Aquarium and Newport fish market and examined far nematodes. During this study, a total of 157 Anisakis type larvae were recovered from Sebastes spp. and parasitized for an average infection prevalence of 50.0%. The yellowtail rockfish, S. flavidus, darkblotched rockfish, S. crameri, and canary rockfish, S. pinniger examined were infected with 110 Anisakis simplex larva, 30 Contracaecum spp. larva and 17 Pseudoterranova decipiens larva. Of the rockfishes examined, 75.0% carried Sebastes crameri, and 12.5% S. flavidus and S. crameri, respectively. The sites of infection far Anisakis type larvae were the intestine, omentum, and stomach walls. A. simplex larvae infected 60.0% on S. crameri and 33.3% on S.flavidus and S. pinniger respectively. The prevalence of Contracaecum sp. larvae and Pseudoterranova decipiens larvae on S. pinniger was 33.3%. The intensities of A. simplex larvae ranged from 1 to 87 in S. flavidus, S. crameri, and S. pinniger. The intensity of Contracaecum spp. larvae and P. decipiens larvae ranged from 0 to 30 in S. pinniger.