• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2007

The rheological properties and surface tensions of polymer solutions and polymer-surfactant mixed solutions were investigated. The polymers used in this study were a homopolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with an allyl ether of pentaerythritol, an allyl ether of sucrose, or an allyl ether of propylene (CARBOMER), acylate/C10-30 alkyl acylate crosspolymer (AAAC), and ammonium acryloydimethyltaurate/VP copolymer (ADTV). A solubilizing agent PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-40) and an emulsifying agent polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (POLYSORBATE 60) made the micelles intervening between AAAC polymers, resulting in the increase of viscosity. However, HCO-40 made this behavior over the wider range of surfactant concentration than POLYSORBATE 60. From the view point of surface tensions in the same range of surfactant concentration, AAAC/HCO-40 solution showed the area of increasing surface tension with surfactant concentration in contrast to the AAAC/POLYSORBATE 60 solution showing no increasing area.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.96-104
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• 1998

It was possible to produce W/O/W one step multiple emulsion on the system which satisfied following conditions. 1. 1-5％ of hydrophilic liquid surfactant over HLB20 and lipophilic liquid surfactant which has HLB 3∼5 2. Non wax copolymers as oil thickener 3. More than 0.5％ of carbomer as aqueous thickener 4. The manufacturing process which neutralize the dispersed carbomer (2.0％ in water), after emulsifying. For the selective addition into inner and outer aqueous phase, we melted the glucose in water before emulsifying. Using an Anthrone analysis method, we analyzed the encapsulation yield of glucose in inner water phase. It was possible to raise the water encapsulation yield of the multiple emulsion through the following conditions. 1. Using of anionic hydrophilic surfactant(HLB 40) and lipophilic surfactant (HLB 3∼5) 2. Controlling the ratio of hydrophilic surfactant and lipophilic surfactant 3. Strengthening interface with increase of non wax oil thickener. When the separated adding process of glucose was adopted, approximately 85％ of glucose was added selectively within inner aqueous phase.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.275-280
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• 2008

The effects of the surfactant type, i.e., CTAB(cationic), SDS(anionic), and GA(polymeric), on the stability of 0.1 vol.% $Al_2O_3$ nanofluids were investigated. The changes in size and zeta potential of nanoparticles in nanofluids with pH, surfactant concentration, and time were experimentally observed. The nanofluids adding CTAB, which ionizes of the same charge with the bare particle surface, was found to have the best stability regardless of the surfactant concentration, whereas those with SDS became unstable under low surfactant concentration conditions, i.e. lower than the critical micellel concentration(CMC), before the charge reversal occurred. With higher SDS concentration over CMC, they became stable. Gum Arabic, which had been used often to stabilize the nanofluids, was also tested. In result, it was found that the type and concentration of surfactants to add should be selected considering pH and the sign of the bare particle surface charge.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2005

계면활성제는 소수성 물질(톨루엔)의 물질전달율을 증가시켜 미생물이 있는 액상으로 잘 녹아들어가게 함으로써 미생물에 의한 분해를 증가시킨다. 본 연구에서는 여러 종류의 계면활성제가 존재할 때 톨루엔의 물질전달율과 미생물에 의한 분해가 어떻게 이루어지는지에 대해 알아보았다. 사용한 계면활성제는 다음과 같다: Sodium Oodecyl Sulfate (SOS), TritonX-100, Tween 80, BYK-345 (silicone 계면활성제). 실험결과에 따르면 BYK-345는 critical micelle concentration (CMC)에서 톨루엔의 용해도를 증가시켰다. 하지만, SDS와 TritonX-100는 CMC에서 톨루엔의 용해도를 증가시키지 못했다. 증류수에 계면활성제를 첨가하면 증류수만 있는 경우보다 톨루엔의 물질전달율$(K_La)$이 증가했다. 톨루엔 분해 미생물을 이용한 회분식 실험에서 SOS는 톨루엔의 분해를 감소시켰다. 그 이유는 SDS가 미생물에 독성을 미쳤기 때문일 수도 있고, 기질로서 이용되어서 톨루엔과 경쟁관계에 놓였기 때문일 수도 있다. BYK-345를 계면활성제로 사용한 실험에서도 톨루엔의 분해가 감소했는데 이것은 BYK-345가 미생물의 활성도에 심각한 영향을 미쳤기 때문이다. 하지만, TritonX-100 와 Tween 80의 경우에는 톨루엔의 분해가 크게 감소하지 않았다. 낮은 농도의 TritonX-100의 경우에 오히려 톨루엔의 분해는 증가했다. 이와 같은 결과들을 통해 톨루엔의 생물학적 분해를 위해 가장 적절한 계면활성제는 TritonX-100임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.422-428
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• 2000

At present, analytical methods available for determining the amount of cationic surfactants(DSDMAC) on the fabrics are spectrophotometric method based on formation and extraction of the colored ion pair with anionic dye, radiochemical analysis and HPLC analysis. This study presents new analytical methods based on the formation of cationic surfactant(DSDMAC)-disulfine blue complex on the cotton fabric. Test methods for determining the amount of DSDMAC-disulfine blue complex on the cotton fabrics are measuring the reflectance of the colored fabric and the absorbance of the methanol solution of DSDMAC-disulfine blue complex extracted from dyed cotton fabric. Linear relationships between the K/S value of the fabric treated with DSDMAC followed by disulfine blue and the amount of DSDMAC sorbed by cotton fabric were obtained. Thus, the amount of DSDMAC sorbed by cotton fabric can be determined by K/S value of the fabric. DSDMAC-disulfine blue complex on the cotton fabric was extracted with methanol. The amount of DSDMAC sorbed by cotton fabric was estimated by measuring the absorbance of the methanol solution extracted from dyed cotton fabric.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.109-117
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• 1996

음이온 계면활성제의 미셀을 이용하여 한외여과막에서의 금속이온의 제거 기술은 분리공정이 간단하고 상변화가 필요없어 폐수로부터 중금속과 작은 분자량의 분자들을 제거할 수 있는 최근에 발전된 기술이다. 임계미셀농도 이상에서 계면활성제 분자들은 서로 모이고 거대분자 또는 미셀을 형성한다. 양이온의 코발트 이온과 음이온 계면활성제 미셀과의 정전기적인 결합으로 크기가 커진 거대분자가 한외여과막에서 제거되었다. 막투과압력차는 한외여과막에서의 금속의 제거율에 비교적 작은 영향을 끼치는 반면 음이온 계면활성제와 금속염간의 비(S/M)는 상당한 영향을 끼쳤다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.212-220
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• 2012

Orange peel (OP) exhibits a sorption capacity towards anionic dyes such as reactive blue 19 (RB19). Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant was used to modify the surface nature of OP to enhance its adsorption capacity for anionic dyes from an aqueous solution. Four adsorbents were investigated: the OP, sodium hydroxide-treated OP (SOP), CTAB-modified OP and CTAB-modified SOP. The physical and chemical properties of these sorbents were determined using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The adsorption of the RB19 dye was assessed with these sorbents at different solution pH levels and temperatures. The effect of the contact time was considered to determine the order and rate constants of the adsorption process. The adsorption data were analyzed considering the Freundlich, Langmuir, Elovich and Tempkin models. The adsorption of RB19 by the assessed sorbents is of the chemisorption type following pseudo-first-order kinetics. CTAB modification brought about a significant increase in RB19 adsorption, which was ascribed to the grafting of the sorbent with a cationic surfactant.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

To developed new process for obtaining maximum molecular weight of anionic acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymer by inverse emulsion polymerization. Concentration of initiator, reducing agent, surfactant and mole ratio of acrylamide-acrylic acid were studied for the process. Semi-batch processes with method of redox, control of reaction temperature, feeding method of monomer and reaction time, was suitable for maximum molecular weight of P(AMAC) from this process obtained $3.09\;{\time}\;10^6({\bar{M}}n.)$ and $4.41\;{\time}\;10^6({\bar{M}}w.)$ in molecular weight measured by the intrinsic viscosity method. inverse emulsion polymerization mechanism of P(AMAC) does not followed the Smith-Ewart and Medvedev theory, but selected for concentration of initiator, reducing agent, surfactant, water solubility of monomer.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.1090-1096
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• 2002

몬모릴로나이트군의 벤토나이트(BEN)와 첨가제로서 풀림제 및 음이온 계면활성제를 배합하여 6종의 수팽윤성 BEN 유동성 개질제(WSB-1~WSB-6)를 제조하였다. 제조한 WSB의 평균입경, 입자형태, 용액점도, 수팽윤성 및 첨가제에 따른 점도를 각각 측정하였고, WSB의 유동학적 거동을 레오메타를 이용하여 조사하였다. WSB-1의 점도는 pH가 낮을수록 BEN의 평균입경이 작을수록 각각 증가하였고, 풀림제로서 $Na_2CO_3$를 처리한 WSB-2의 점도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 이 결과는 WSB에 포함된 BEN 입자가 edge-to-face의 구조로 재배열이 일어나기 때문으로 해석할 수 있다. 또한 WSB에 풀림제 및 음이온 계면활성제가 포함된 WSB-4, WSB-5 및 WSB-6은 전단력에 따라 점도의 변화가 거의 없는 졸(sol)상으로 존재하지만, 음이온 계면활성제로서 Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate(TSPP)를 첨가한 WSB-3의 경우는 전단력에 따른 점도가 1000배의 차이가 남으로서 요변성(thixotropy)을 나타내었고, 이 결과로부터 TSPP의 음이온이 WSB-3에 포함된 BEN 입자의 edge에 배열된다고 설명할 수 있다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Steady and dynamic shear properties of two hydrophobically modified alkali soluble emulsions (HASE), NPJI and NPJ2, were experimentally investigated. At the same polymer concentration, NPJ1 is appreciably more viscous and elastic than NPJ2. The high hydrophobicity of NPJ1 allows hydrophobic associations and more junction sites to be created, leading to the formation of a network structure. Under shear deformation, NPJ1 exhibits shear-thinning behaviour as compared with Newtonian characteristics of NPJ2. NPJ1 and NPJ2 exhibit a very high and a low level of elasticity respectively over the frequency range tested. For NPJ1, a crossover frequency appears, which is shifted to lower frequencies and hence, longer relaxation times, as concentration increases. Three different surfactants anionic SDS, cationic CTAB, and non-ionic TX-100 were employed to examine the effects of surfactants on the rheology of HASE. Due to the different ionic behaviour of the surfactant, each type of surfactant imposed different electrostatic interactions on the two HASE polymers. In general, at low surfactant concentration, a gradual increase in viscosity is observed until a maximum is reached, beyond which a continuous reduction of viscosity ensues. Viscosity development is a combined result of HASE-surfactant interactions, accompanied by constant rearrangement of the hydrophobic associative junctions, and electrostatic interactions.