• 농업과학연구
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of probiotics on the malodor removal. In experiment 1, dietary effects (several malodorous gas concentration of excreta, dry matter metabolizability, and blood profiles) were determined using laying hens. A total of 30 Hy-line brown layers, 68-wk of age, were randomly allocated into 5 groups with 3 replicates of 2 birds each. The treatments were probiotics free, 0.2% and 0.4 % addition of mixed probiotics (Bacillus subtilis PNG-4 +Lactobacillus acidophilus LAS), and 0.2 and 0.4 % addition of single probiotics (Bacillus subtilis PNG-4). In experiment 2, the effects of mixing of probiotics into the excreta on the malodorous gas removal was investigated. There were three treatments (probiotics free, Bacillus subtilis PNG-4 +Lactobacillus acidophilus LAS, and Bacillus subtilis PNG-4) with three replicates. The malodorous gas concentrations were detected at 0, 3, 7 and 14 day of incubation. In experiment 1, ammonia concentration was significantly decreased by feeding mixed probiotics at 14th day of incubation. However, amines, hydrogen sulfide, ethylmercapthan, and methylmercapthan were not significantly affected by mixed probiotics. Dry matter metabolizability was significantly increased by feeding probiotics, but no significant differences between single and mixed probiotics. There was no significant differences in blood profiles. In experiment 2, mixing of probiotics into the excreta did not affect the concentration of ammonia, amines, hydrogen sulfide, ethylmercapthan, and methylmercapthan. Therefore, these experiments suggested that Bacillus subtilis PNG-4 + Lactobacillus acidophilus LAS supplementations could improve ammonia gas removal, and dry matter metabolizability in layers. Also, decrease of ammonia concentration was higher in mixed probiotics group compare to the single probiotics group. On the other hand, mixing of probiotics into the excreta appeared not to be a useful method.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.903-914
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• 2022

Probiotics are currently considered as one of tools to modulate immune responses under specific clinical conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether oral administration of three different probiotics (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CJLP243, CJW55-10, and CJLP475) could evoke a cell-mediated immunity in immunodeficient mice. Before conducting in vivo experiments, we examined the in vitro potency of these probiotics for macrophage activation. After co-culture with these probiotics, bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) produced significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) were also upregulated in BMDMs after treatment with some of these probiotics. To establish an immunocompromised animal model, we intraperitoneally injected mice with cyclophosphamide on day 0 and again on day 2. Starting day 3, we orally administered probiotics every day for the last 15 d. After sacrificing experimental mice on day 18, splenocytes were isolated and co-cultured with these probiotics for 3 d to measure levels of several cytokines and immune cell proliferation. Results clearly indicated that the consumption of all three probiotic strains promoted secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α. NK cell cytotoxicity and proliferation of immune cells were also increased. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that consumption of some probiotics might induce cell-mediated immune responses in immunocompromised mice.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2023

Majority of the respiratory infectious diseases that are generally prevalent in Korea from autumn to winter are caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus. Therefore, there is rapidly rising interest in determining the antiviral effects of probiotics against respiratory viruses and elucidating the probable mechanism behind it. Various human clinical trials as well as animal experiments have shown that some probiotics potentially have antiviral activity based on their immunomodulatory effect. Hence, this review describes in detail the various possibilities of using probiotics as antiviral agents against respiratory viruses and their potential effects. Also, it provides basic data regarding the availability of different probiotics relevant for their production by dairy and food industries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1353-1362
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• 2005

The stressful physiological and environmental conditions around weaning often promote the proliferation of pathogens in the digestive tract of piglets resulting in diarrhoea and reduced daily weight gain. Typical dietary practices to maintain growth performance and health have led to an increased use of antimicrobial growth promoters. Due to the advanced ban of antibiotics in pig production, new concepts have been developed to secure animal health and growth performance, feed efficiency, and product quality as well. Several naturally occurring compounds seem to beneficially affect the composition and activity of the microflora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. These are, among others, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, and enzymes. Organic acids are already widely used, especially in pigs, due to their positive effects on GIT health and growth performance. Probiotics have been shown to be effective against diarrhoea though effects may be dependent on diet composition and environmental conditions. Prebiotics may influence composition and activity of the intestinal microflora. Additionally, pre- and probiotics may exert positive influences on immune response, whereas enzymes may enhance feed digestibility by breaking down anti-nutritional factors. In the following, the focus will be directed to the role of organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, and feeding enzymes as potential modulators of GIT health.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.671-695
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• 2022

The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that contains a large number of microorganisms with different metabolic capacities. Modulation of the gut microbiome can improve the growth and promote health in pigs. Crosstalk between the host, diet, and the gut microbiome can influence the health of the host, potentially through the production of several metabolites with various functions. Short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, polyamines, indoles, and phenolic compounds are metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome can also produce neurotransmitters (such as γ-aminobutyric acid, catecholamines, and serotonin), their precursors, and vitamins. Several studies in pigs have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in improving growth performance and feed efficiency, alleviating stress, and providing protection from pathogens. The use of probiotics is one of the strategies employed to target the gut microbiome of pigs. Promising results have been published on the use of probiotics in optimizing pig production. This review focuses on the role of gut microbiome-derived metabolites in the performance of pigs and the effects of probiotics on altering the levels of these metabolites.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2006

본 시험은 L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricu, S. lactis, A. oryzae 등의 유용미생물이 혼합된 생균제와 여기에 Xylanase 1,000,000 unit를 혼합한 복합생균효소제를 비육돈 사료에 각각 0.1% 수준으로 첨가하여 급여하였을 때 비육돈사내 암모니아, 황화수소 및 이산화탄소 농도와 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 3처리${\times}$3반복${\times}$13두로써 총 117두를 공시하여 실시하였는데, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 복합생균효소제 급여가 비육돈사내 환경개선에 미치는 영향은 긍정적인 것으로 평가된다. 복합생균효소제 급여는 돈사내 암모니아 농도를 30% 이상 저감시키는 효과가 인정되었으며, 황화수소 농도는 복합생균효소제 0.1% 급여구가 대조구에 비하여 뚜렷한 저감효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 이산화탄소 농도에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 생균제와 복합생균효소제 급여는 일당증체량에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 사료섭취량은 복합생균효소제 0.1% 급여구가 가장 낮았으며(p<0.05), 사료요구율은 복합생균효소제 0.1% 급여구가 가장 우수하게(p<0.05) 나타났다. 그러나 생균제와 복합생균효소제 급여구 간에는 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 요약해보면 비육돈에 대한 생균제와 복합생균효소제 급여는 사료요구율을 개선시키고, 돈사내 암모니아 및 황화수소 농도에 영향을 미치며, 암모니아의 경우 30% 이상의 저감효과가 인정된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2013

본 연구는 prebiotics와 probiotics가 in vitro 배양조건에서 돼지 장내 미생물 및 발효산물에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토 하였다. prebiotics로써 이소말토-올리고당(IMO), 부분분해 치커리이눌린(CI), 라피노스(RA), 사이클로덱스트린(CD)을 사용하였으며 probiotics로는 Lactobacillus reuteri를 사용하였다. In vitro 발효시험은 육성돈 사료를 소화효소로 가수분해 시킨 사료와 5%의 돈분 그리고 prebiotics와 probiotics를 첨가 또는 무첨가하여 24시간 동안 배양시켰다. 배양 후 발효액 내의 미생물, 가스, pH, 암모니아, 황화수소, 단쇄지방산을 분석하였다. 엔테로박테리아는 prebiotics와 probiotics 첨가구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 락토바실러스 수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 발효액의 pH는 대조구에 비하여 첨가구에서 낮았으며 prebiotics보다 prebiotics+probiotics 첨가구에서 더욱 낮았다. 암모니아, 황화수소 및 스카톨의 농도는 prebiotics+probiotics 구보다 prebiotics 첨가시 유의적으로 감소하였다. 단쇄지방산은 prebiotics 보다 prebiotics+probiotics 구에서 유의적으로 많이 생성되었다. 본 시험의 결과 prebiotics 첨가는 암모니아, 황화수소 및 스카톨의 농도를 감소시키는데 효과가 있었으며, prebiotics+probiotics는 유산균과 단쇄지방산의 농도를 증가시키는 효과가 있었다. In vitro에서 얻어진 실험 결과가 실제로 돼지에 급여 시 같은 결과가 얻어질런지에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.87-102
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• 2023

Globally, acute gastroenteritis is responsible for two million pediatric deaths. In particular, viral gastroenteritis is the most common cause of acute diarrhea, and most children aged <5 years are infected at least once. The common symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Viral gastroenteritis is generally caused by rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus. Recently, probiotics use has increased rapidly worldwide due to its inhibitory effect against viral gastroenteritis. In addition, probiotics are known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects and enhance immunity without any side effects. Therefore, this review focuses on the anti-viral effects of probiotics on viral gastroenteritis. Furthermore, this review would provide basic data that could be used for developing new products that have improved functionality by addition of probiotics to milk and dairy food.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2008

본 실험에서는 복합균종 생균제를 단일급여하거나 효모변이균주에서 추출한 β-글루칸과 혼합급여했을 때 성장 성적, 혈액 내 지질 분획 농도, 항체생산 반응 및 장내 균총의 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 모두 5개 처리구에 4반복 반복당 30수 씩, 총 600수의 1일령 Ross 수평아리를 공시하여 35일간 사양실험을 실시하였다. 실험사료는 옥수수와 대두박을 위주로한 항생제 무첨가 시판사료를 급여하는 대조구와 T1 처리구에는 복합균종 생균제만을 0.15%, T2 처리구에는 β-글루칸 0.10%+복합균종 생균제 0.15%, T3 처리구에는 복합균종 생균제만을 0.30%, T4 처리구에는 β-글루칸 0.10%+복합균종 생균제 0.30%를 혼합급여하였다. 실험 기간 중의 증체량, 사료 섭취량 및 사료요구율을 평가하였고, 실험 4주째에 ND 및 IB를 분무백신한 후 항체 생성량을 조사하였다. 맹장 내용물을 채취하여 장내 균총 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다.사료 섭취량에서는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었으나 실험후기에서는 증체량 및 사료요구율은 대조구에 비해 모든 처리구에서 유의하게 개선되거나(P<0.05) 개선되는 경향을 나타내었다. 간, 비장, F낭, 가슴근육 및 다리부위의 상대적 중량에서는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 혈중 콜레스테롤 에스터 농도는 대조구에 비해 모든 복합균종 생균제 0.3% 첨가구(T3 및 T4)에서 유의하게 감소하였고(P<0.05), 유리형 콜레스테롤 농도 역시 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. ND 및 IB 항체 생산량은 대조구에 비해 유의한 차이 없이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 총 균 및 coliform bacteria 수에서는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었으나, lactic acid bacteria 수는 대조구에 비해 모든 처리구에서 유의하게 증가하는 결과가 관찰되었다(P<0.05). 본 실험에서는 육계사료 내 복합균종 생균제의 단일급여 또는 β-글루칸과의 혼합급여가 증체 및 사료요구율을 개선시키는 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 복합균종 생균제 급여에 의해 혈중 콜레스테롤 농도가 유의하게 감소하고, 맹장 내 lactic acid bacteria 수가 유의하게 증가하는 효과를 나타났다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2016

A study of 426 rabbits from 3 cities in Jilin province (Changchun City and Jilin City) and Liaoning province (Shenyang City) was conducted between May and June 2015. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in rabbits was 0.94% (4/426), with 0% (0/116), 1.72% (3/174), and 0.74% (1/136) in Jilin, Changchun, and Shenyang City, respectively. Only 3 farms (farm 1 and farm 3 in Changchun City, farm 8 in Shenyang City) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. Moreover, rabbits of more than 6 months (1.72%) had the highest E. bieneusi prevalence, followed by rabbits of 4-6 months (1.26%), 2-3 months (0.58%), and less than 1 month (0%). Analysis of ITS gene of E. bieneusi suggested that all 4 E. bieneusi isolates were genotype D, and were classified as group 1a. The present results first demonstrated the existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in domestic rabbits in China. Effective control measures should be implemented to prevent E. bieneusi infection in domestic rabbits, other animals, and humans.