• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

This study was performed to test the effect of horseradish powder in fattening pig diet on odorous compound concentration from manure. Twenty fattening boars [Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] weighing an average body weight of $68.4{\pm}4.95}$ kg were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (horseradish level in diets: 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%) based on their body weight. This experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design using 5 pigs per treatment with 1 pig per metabolizable cage. Pigs were fed experimental diet (amount proportional to 3% of their body weight) twice a day (09:00 and 16:00) for 7 d after having 14 d adaptation period. Experimental diets were mixed with water by 1:2.5 v/v. Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was highest (p<0.05) when pigs fed diet with 0.02% horseradish powder. Level of phenol compounds including phenol and p-cresol were decreased (p<0.05) in 0.01~0.02% horseradish treatment group compared with control group. Concentration of indoles including indole and skatole was lowest (p<0.05) in 0.03% horseradish treatment group compare to others. Therefore, results from our current study suggest that the optimal levels of horseradish powder in diet for reducing phenol and indole compounds in pig manure were 0.02 and 0.03%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1286-1290
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• 2004

This study was carried out to screen yeasts effective in reducing odor from pig feces. Three isolates from soil and compost sources were selected to treat pig feces. On the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics, one isolate from compost was Candida rugosa, and two isolates from soil were Candida rugosa and Candida maris. These isolates showed deodorizing activity by reducing the concentration of ${NH}_3$ and R-${NH}_2$. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are the specific malodorous compounds of pig feces, and the Candida maris from soil showed a 100% reduction of butyric, iso-butyric, and iso-valeric acid in 10% pig slurry medium. However, the Candida rugosa from compost showed a 100% reduction of butyric and iso-butyric acid while that from soil showed a 100% reduction of propionic, butyric acid and iso-valeric acid in the medium. Also, these yeasts were effective in reducing $NH_{4}-N$, soluble-N, and biological oxygen demand (BOD).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

The effects of turning frequency of in-vessel composting on ammonia emissions during composting of separated solids from swine slurry/sawdust mixtures and performance of biofiltration using the chicken manure compost were investigated. Separated solids from swine manure amended with sawdust was composted in a 226 L laboratory-scale in-vessel reactors under various turning frequency and continuous airflow (0.6 L/min.kg.dm) for three weeks. Three laboratory-scale manure compost biofilters were built to treat effluent gas from the composting of separated solid from swine manure amened with sawdust process. These experiments were continued over a period of three weeks. The composting of separated solid swine manure amended with sawdust and manure compost biofiltration system were evaluated to determine the turning frequency type that would be adequate for the rate of decomposition and compost odour reduction. The compost odour cleaning was measured based on ammonia gas concentration before and after passing through the manure compost biofilter. The average ammonia odor reduction in the manure compost biofilter was 96.9 % at R1 (no turning), 99.4 % at R2(once a day turning) and 89.0 % at R3(twice a day turning), respectively. The efficiency of ammonia reduction was mainly influenced by the turning frequency.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 1998

Hog manure slurry amended with sawdust was composted in pilot-scale reactor vessels using continuous aeration nuder different C/N ratios and pH conditions during composting high rate (decomposition) process. For each material two replicated piles were built and monitored over a period of three weeks. The compost piles had an initial volume of 0.18 ㎥. In this study we evaluated the temperature in compost O2 and CO2 evolution, aeration rate, NH3 concentration etc. and investigated the stability of compost during composting high rate process. According to measured results, while the maximum NH3 concentration during composting high rate process. According to measured results, while the maximum NH3 concentration during composting high rate was in the range of 213 to 412 ppm on 5th day which was near the optimum C/N(22∼24) and pH(7.5∼7.9). And then, the NH3 concentration reduced to between 22∼26 ppm by 13th day. The maximum NH3 concentration for the lower C/N(18∼19) and pH value of 6 reached 574∼1,063 ppm by the 16th through 11th days and the NH3 concentration during continuous aerated composting high rate process, it was more important to manage NH3 gas so that compost odor is reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.701-710
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• 1996

Composting has gained rapid acceptance as a method of recyling relatively dry organic materials such as leaves and brush and , when alternative disposal costs are high, even moist materials such as grass clippings and dewatered sewage sludges. However, as moisture contents rise above 60% , the need for a dry bulking amendment increase the costs of composting , both by direct purchases of amendment and though increased reactor capacity and materials handling requirements. High moisture materials also present increased risks of anaerobic odor formation through reduced oxygen transport (Miller , 1991) . These costs and operational challengers often constrain the opportunities to compost high moisture materials such as agricultural manures. During the last several decades economies of scale in livestock production have been increasing livestock densities and creating manure management challenges throughout the world. This issue is particularly pressing in Korea, where livestock arms typically manage little or no cropland, and the nutrients and boichemical oxygen demand in manure pose a serious threat to water quality. Composting has recently become popular as a means of recycling manure into products for sale off the farm, but bulking amendments (usually sawdust) are expensive designed to minimize bulking agent requirements by using the energy liberated by decompostion. In this context the composting reactor is used as a biological dryer, allowing the repeated use of bulking amendment with several batches of manure.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.105-116
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• 2014

In this study, we developed a fermented TMR producing system which could a continuous operation of baling and wrapping the mixed TMR. The baling part has fixed chamber of dia. 900 mm and width 900 mm. And the the turn-table type wrapping part is very compact compared to conventional one in market. The test result were: The absorbed power of the prototype in working was 9.0~15.7 kW. The combined baling and wrapping performance was over 20 bales/hr. The leakage in the process was around 1.9 kg for making a 350 kg TMR bale. The diameter of wrapped TMR bale was 900~950 mm, and its weight was 350 kg in average. Therefore the density was $718kg/m^3$, and it was very high density to the inputted TMR. The pH of the fermented TMR was 5.0~5.6 which was similar to the fermented haylage, also the TMR had no butyric acid's odor.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2001

In this experiment porous calcium silicate (PCS) powder prepared by using a 50 mesh sieve was spread on top of chick droppings to investigate the odor from the manure. Zeolite was used as a comparative purpose. Reduction in ammonia production from chick droppings shortly after the PCS and zeolite application was evident (P<0.05), but there were no difference among treatments afterwards. hydrogen sulfide level was significantly lowered by both PCS and zeolite treatment(P<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

Aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to treat screened dairy wastewaters. The study examined the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the aerobic SBR and raw manure effluent storage over 35 days. The reduction of total VFAs in the aerobic SBR was over $59\%$ removal than that of the raw manure. Acetic acid production in the aerobic SBR and the raw manure effluent storage were kept 138 and 286 mg/L. The propionic acid in the aerobic SBR was 1.9 mg/L, while the raw manure effluent storage was 68 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of VOCs in the aerobic SBR reactor and effluent fill down remarkably than the raw manure storage. The results confirmed that the aerobic biological treatment is an essential requirement for minimizing odor problems.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2001

The effect of trisodium phosphate and chitosan on aerobic plate counts, generation time, pH, shear force, and sensory evaluations in Korean beef loins stored at 4 or 10$^{\circ}C$ was assessed. The beef loins were treated with 5∼7.5% (w/v) trisodium phosphate and 1% (w/v) chitosan at exposure times of 10 min. The generation time of aerobic microorganisms on the beef loins increased with higher trisodium phosphate levels during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$. During storage at 10$^{\circ}C$, treatments of 5% trisodium phosphate and 1% chitosan were the most effective for preventing the growth of aerobic spoilage microorganisms. Shear values of the beef loins treated with trisodium phosphate and chitosan or chitosan alone were lower than those of trisodium phosphate during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that the beef loins treated with trisodium phosphate and chitosan were in the \"liked less to typical\" category for odor and appearance scores compated to the controls during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.2_spc
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• pp.350-363
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• 2023

Beef quality is characterized by marbling (marbling degree and marbling fineness), physiochemical (shear force, meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity), and sensory (tenderness, flavor, juiciness, taste, odor, and appearance) traits. This paper summarizes and addresses beef-quality characteristics and the beef-grading systems in Korea, Japan, the USA, and Australia. This paper summarizes recent research progresses on the genetic and nutritional factors that affect beef quality. Intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue deposition or marbling is a major determinant of beef quality. This paper addresses the mechanisms of i.m. adipose tissue deposition focused on adipogenesis and lipogenesis. We also address selected signaling pathways associated with i.m. adipose tissue deposition. Nutrients contribute to the cellular response and phenotypes through gene expression and metabolism. This paper addresses control of gene expression through several nutrients (carbohydrates, fat/fatty acids, vitamins, etc.) for i.m. adipose tissue deposition. Several transcription factors responsible for gene expression via nutrients are addressed. We introduce the concept of genome-based precision feeding in Korean cattle.