• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2009

Various cultural practices have been promoted as management options for enhancing soil quality and health. The use of soil management methods can cause changes in fertility by affecting soil chemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate interactions between soil chemical properties and soil management methods in protected cultivation, and to classify soil management methods that similarly affect soil chemical properties. Water-logging and irrigation reduced soil pH and available $P_2O_5$ content. Application of animal manures has a positive effect on levels of organic matter, Av.$P_2O_5$, K, Zn, and Cu. The electrical conductivites tened to be low in the application of organic amendments, including rice and wood residues. Deeper plowing caused a reduction in Ca content. Practicing soil nutrient-considering fertilization and fertigation did not exert an influence on nutrient element contents. In a cluster analysis of the soil management methods according to major nutrients, low similarities were found with deeper plowing and crop rotation with rice in comparison with other practices. In a cluster analysis by minor nutrient characteristics, crop rotation and application of animal manures and rice residues were linked at a high Ward's distance, while other practices were found to be relatively low distinct. Each soil management method has a similar or different effect on soil chemical properties. These results suggest the necessity of establishing limits and standards according to the effects of soil management methods on soil chemical properties for economic soil practices.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.79-82
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• 2008

Anaerobic biodegradability(AB), which can be determined with the ultimate methane yield by the decomposition of organic materials, is one of the important parameters for the design and the operation of anaerobic digestion plant. In this study, Biochemical Methane Potential(BMP) test has been carried out to evaluate the methane yield of animal manures, such as pig and cattle slurries, and different forage crops cultivated at the reclaimed tideland, such as maize, sorghum, barley, rye, Italian ryegrass(IRG), rape, rush and sludge produced from slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant(SWTP). In the ultimate methane yield of animal manure, that of pig slurry(no used a EM) was 407 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ higher than 242 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ of cattle slurry. The ultimate methane yield of spike-crop rye was 442.36 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ the highest among different forage crops, the other showed the value above a methane yield of 300 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$. The forage crop could be used as a good substrate to improve the methane production in anaerobic co-digestion together with animal manure.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제23권E2호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2007

Among all the nitrogen species present in the atmosphere, ammonia forms a considerable portion along with the nitrogen oxides. The major sources of atmospheric ammonia are animal feedlot operations including emission from excreta of domestic animals and agricultural activities, followed by emission from synthetic fertilizers, biomass burning and to some lesser extent, fossil fuel combustion. Ammonia emission factor, expressed as the weight of ammonia per unit weight, volume, or duration of the activity emitting it, is generally used in developing emission estimates for emission inventories. The factors determining ammonia loss from soil or from manures are the temperature, pH, humidity, precipitation and the velocity of wind above it.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.17-34
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• 2000

This paper is aim to report the core aspects of Codex guideline for organically grown food which is finalized by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission on May 2000 in 28th session of the Codex committee on food labelling. The chapter of animal production had discussed for a long time before it was finalized in Ottawa/canada as well as use of GMO(Genetically modified organism), manure from factory farming, animal welfare, and fodder inputs consisting of at least 85% for ruminants and 80% for non-ruminants. As the guideline for Codex set out the several things which is very difficult for Asian country, Organic farmer in Korea should pay an attention to maintain/increase the fertility and biological activity by cultivation of legumes, green manures or deep-rooting plants in an appropriate multi-annual rotation programme, and incorporation in the soil of organic material from holding producing in accordance with the guidelines. Pest, diseases and weeds should be controlled by choice of appropriate varieties, appropriate rotation, mechanical cultivation, diversified ecosystems, flame weeding, animal weeding and steam sterilization. The use of plant growth hormone, GMO and manure from industrial management system are not allowed, and closed recycling system, rotation, resistant seeds again pest and disease should be practiced in organic farming. But these are not unfortunately practiced in the country. In the conclusion it was strongly suggested to enact the Basic Standard for Korean organic agriculture which contains the core principles of Codex guidelines, and to try the importation of the most advanced theory, skills and technology from leading country in organic farming.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.325-335
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• 1985

농산폐유기물(農産廢有機物)을 원료(原料)로한 메탄가스시설(施設)을 Philippine소재(所在) 국제미작연구소(國際米作硏究所)에 설치(設置)하여 가스발생량(發生量 ) 시험(試驗)을 한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 원료(原料) 자원별(資源別) 메탄가스발생량조사(發生量調査) 가. 볏짚, 왕겨, 옥수수줄기 및 야자수열매껍질은 분요혼합(糞尿混合)으로 가스발생량(發生量)이 증대되었음. 나. 야자수열매껍질을 1주일(週日) 호기발효(好氣醱酵)시킨후(後) 메탄발효원(醱酵源)으로 활용(活用)한 결과(結果)는 무처리(無處理)에 비(比)하여 가스발생량(發生量)이 증대되었음. 다. 볏짚을 메탄발효원료(醱酵原料)로 활용(活用)한 결과(結果) 전처리(前處理)한 볏짚에 비(比)해 가스발생량(發生量)이 증대되었으며 발생기간(發生期間)도 연장(延長)되었음. 라. 질소함량(窒素含量)이 높은 Azolla는 분뇨대신(糞尿代身) 메탄발효원(醱酵源)으로 활용(活用)이 가능(可能)하였음. 마. 메탄발효액(醱酵液)의 pH 6이하(以下)에서는 가스발생(發生)이 어려웠음. 2. 취사용(炊事用) 매탄가스시설(施設) 가스발생기간(發生期間) 연장시험(延長試驗) 가. 볏짚괴(塊)(Compact straw)분뇨혼합처리(糞尿混合處理)는 볏짚 (Loose straw)분뇨혼합처리(糞尿混合處理)에 비(比)하여 원료(原料) 투입(投入) 및 제거작업(除去作業)이 용이(容易)하였으나 가스발생량(發生量)이 다소(多少)낮았음. 나. 볏짚분뇨(糞尿)를 혼합(混合)하여 메탄발효(醱酵)시킨 결과(結果), 6인가족(人家族) 취사이용(炊事利用)이 가능(可能)한 가스는 70일(日) 발생(發生)되었음. 다. 발효조(醱酵槽)를 지하(地下)에 매설(埋設)하고 그늘시설(施設)을 한 결과(結果) 발효액온(醱酵液溫)이 일정(一定)하게 유지(維持)되어 가스발생량(發生量)이 증대되고 발전기간(發全期間)도 연장(延長)되었음. 3 경제성분석(經濟性分析) 가. 3,600Kcal로 환산한 메탄가스 생산비용(生産費用)은 0.14불(弗)/$m^3$로 같은 열량(熱量)인 LPG 0.54불(弗)/kg, 석유(石油) 0.32불(弗)/kg보다 낮았음. 나. 메탄발효(醱酵)로 유기질비료생산(有機質肥料生産), 공해방지(公害防止) 및 가스사용(使用)이 편리(便利)한 점(點)을 감안한다면 메탄가스는 타연료(他燃料)에 비(比)해 가장 유효한 대체(代替)에너지임.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1162-1169
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• 1999

Modern livestock production facilities face both challenges and opportunities with respect to sustainable manure management practices. Nutrient recycling is constrained by the size of modern livestock operations, the low nutrient density of liquid manures, and the spatial and temporal variability of manure nutrient concentrations. These constraints can and must be addressed or farmers will be increasingly drawn to nutrient wasting strategies such as anaerobic lagoons, wetlands, and other systems designed to treat and discharge nutrients to the environment. Intentional discharge of nutrients is difficult to justify in a sustainable agricultural production system, since replacing those nutrients through chemical fertilization requires considerable expenditure of energy. In contrast, there are several currently viable technologies which provide the homogenization and stabilization needed to successfully compete against chemical fertilizers, including composting, pelletization, and anaerobic digestion. Some of these technologies, particularly anaerobic digestion and composting, also open up increased opportunities to market the energy and nutrients in manure to non-agricultural uses. Future advances in biotechnology are likely to demonstrate additional options to transform manure into fuels, chemicals, and other non-agricultural products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.864-873
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• 2013

In developing countries, biogas energy production is seen as a technology that can provide clean energy in poor regions and reduce pollution caused by animal manure. Laboratories in these countries have little access to advanced gas measuring equipment, which may limit research aimed at improving local adapted biogas production. They may also be unable to produce valid estimates of an international standard that can be used for articles published in international peer-reviewed science journals. This study tested and validated methods for measuring total biogas and methane ($CH_4$) production using batch fermentation and for characterizing the biomass. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) ($CH_4$ NL $kg^{-1}$ VS) of pig manure, cow manure and cellulose determined with the Moller and VDI methods was not significantly different in this test (p>0.05). The biodegradability using a ratio of BMP and theoretical BMP (TBMP) was slightly higher using the Hansen method, but differences were not significant. Degradation rate assessed by methane formation rate showed wide variation within the batch method tested. The first-order kinetics constant k for the cumulative methane production curve was highest when two animal manures were fermented using the VDI 4630 method, indicating that this method was able to reach steady conditions in a shorter time, reducing fermentation duration. In precision tests, the repeatability of the relative standard deviation (RSDr) for all batch methods was very low (4.8 to 8.1%), while the reproducibility of the relative standard deviation (RSDR) varied widely, from 7.3 to 19.8%. In determination of biomethane concentration, the values obtained using the liquid replacement method (LRM) were comparable to those obtained using gas chromatography (GC). This indicates that the LRM method could be used to determine biomethane concentration in biogas in laboratories with limited access to GC.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.379-384
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 바이오매스자원별 실태 및 동태적 변화를 알아보기 쉽게 시간적 공간적인 분포와 추세를 시각화하여 주제별 분포지도를 작성하였다. 분뇨 배출량은 축종별 사육두수에 따른 원단위 배출량을 적용하여 계산하였다. 전국 가축분뇨배출량 지도를 작성하여 분석해본 결과 경기남부 지역과 충청남도 북부 지역에서 분뇨배출량이 많이 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었고, 시군구 단위의 조사에서도 비슷한 결과가 나타났다. 또한 음식물 폐기물 폐수발생량, 음식물 쓰레기 매립, 재활용 분포지도에서는 수도권지역이 공공시설 및 민간시설 모두 음식물 폐기물 폐수발생량이 높게 나타났고, 민간시설 부분에서는 경상도 일원이 폐수발생량이 높았다. 강원도, 전남 지역에서는 상대적으로 음식물 쓰레기 재활용 분포도가 높게 나타났다. 바이오매스자원으로 활용가치가 높은 농업부산물인 볏짚 생산량 분포도를 시 군 단위로 작성하였는데 볏짚 생산량이 많은 곡창 지역의 경우 바이오에너지로 활용하는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 이들 결과를 통해 바이오매스 발생원별 분포지도는 정책입안자, 농민, 일반인에게 바이오매스 자원에 대한 정보를 가시적으로 전달할 수 있고, 친환경 농업정책 추진과 바이오 에너지 이용 정책 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2008

Anaerobic biodegradability (AB), which can be determined with the ultimate methane yield by the decomposition of organic materials, is one of the important parameters for the design and the operation of anaerobic digestion plant. In this study, Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test has been carried out to evaluate the methane yields of animal manures such as pig and cattle slurries, and different forage crops cultivated at the reclaimed tideland such as maize, sorghum, barley, rye, Italian ryegrass (IRG), rape, rush, and waste sludge produced from slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant (SSWTP). In the ultimate methane yield and biodegradability of animal manure, those of pig slurry were 345 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 44.7% higher than 247 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 46.4% of cattle slurry (Cat. 2). The ultimate methane yield and biodegradability of spike-crop rye (Rye 1) were 442.36 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 86.5% the highest among different forage crops, those of the other forage crops ranged from 306.6 to 379 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ of methane yield with the AB having the range of about 60 to 77%. Therefore the forage crops could be used as a good substrate to increase the methane production and to improve the biodegradability in anaerobic co-digestion together with animal manure.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the total heavy metals contents and chemical forms in the animal manure compost. Materials and methods: A total of 109 compost samples were collected throughout the country and classified into three groups in accordance with the raw materials; pig manure, poultry manure and mixed(pig+poultry+cattle) manure. The compost samples were analyzed for total metal content and sequential chemical extraction to estimate the quantities of metals. Results: Concentrations of Zn and Cu in several compost samples were higher than the maximum acceptable limits by the Korea Compost Quality Standards. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd in compost samples were 257~5,102, 68~1,243, and 0.02~2.54 mg/kg respectively, while Cr, Ni, As, and Pb were < 20 mg/kg. The concentrations of heavy metals in pig manure compost were higher than those of both the poultry and the mixed manure compost. The predominant forms for extracted metals were Cr, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb, residual; Cu, organic; and Cd, carbonate. Conclusions: Results indicate that the Zn and Cu contents in compost were higher than other heavy metals and the heavy metal contents were greater in pig manure compost followed by mixed and poultry manure compost. To prevent the accumulation of heavy metals in soil where animal manure compost is applied, strategy for reducing heavy metal concentrations in animal manure and compost must be considered.