• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.271-280
• /
• 2009

The best way to treat livestock manure is to recycle as much as possible. The composting of livestock manure is a safe and economical treatment process. This study was carried out to investigate decomposition effect of pig manure by adding fermented compost. The fermented compost was added in pig manure mixed with sawdust as an inoculator, and the mixture was fed to composting reactor. Supplemental levels of fermented compost on the pig manure mixed with sawdust were regulated at 5, 10, 15 and 20% (V/V) respectively. The results were as follows ; 1. In all cases, PH range was between 7.6~9.05 during composting period. 2. The highest temperature and the long duration of thermophilic stage were observed in control treatment. 3. The number of microorganism reached at maximum on day 4, which recorded the highest temperature 4. Compost pile mixed with 10% of inoculator (fermented compost) showed the highest C/N ratio reduction.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.211-218
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to develop the technique for manufacturing activated carbon from livestock manure and to analyse it's odor absorptiveness. Each of layer manure(LM), litter from broiler house(BL) and litter from dairy barn(DL), compost from layer manure(LC) and pig manure(PC), and coconut shell(CS) was used as a raw material. Activated carbon by grinding the raw material, adding the coal tar as a binder, palletizing, drying, heating with $N_2$ gas at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, activating by reaction with steam at a temperature of $750^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. Moisture contents of raw material was 44.9% in layer compost, 71.9% in layer manure, 24.4% in broiler litter, 47% in pig manure compost and 33.9% in dairy litter. Volatile matter in layer compost, layer manure, broiler litter, pig manure compost and dairy litter was 18.8%, 31.0%, 49.8%, 22.3% and 11.6%, respectively. Surface area(BET) of activated carbon from layer compost, layer manure, broiler litter, pig manure compost, dairy litter and coconut shell was 259.8, 209.8, 63.5, 442.3, 812.9 and $1,040\;m^2/g$, respectively. Activated carbon made by livestock manure or litter were examined with scanning electron microscope, and micropore was a type of sponge like particles honeycombed with chambers. Pore size of activated carbon was ranged from 0.39 to $5.02\;{\AA}$, but coconut shell was $0.30\;{\AA}$. Iodine absorptiveness of activated carbon from livestock manure was $530{\sim}580mg/g$. But activated carbon made by coconut shell was 1000 mg/g. Each activated carbon could absorb odor compound very well. Absorptiveness of activated carbon from layer manure for hydrogen sulfide and trimethyl amino was 74.5% and 73.9% at the accumulated flux of 60,000 ml, but, in the case of ammonia was only 15.2% at the accumulated flux of 10,000 ml

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.647-651
• /
• 2013

Animal manure compost is a commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in Korea. However, livestock manure compost produced from animal feces can contain a lot of the non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria. Of particular concern are bacteria causing human food-borne illness such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 120 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicated that E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes persisted longer under low temperature condition. E. coli O157:H7 survived longer than L. monocytogenes at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). The results are being used to develop guidelines on the management of manure to reduce the risks of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes transmission to foods produced in the presence of animal waste.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate changes of physico-chemical properties and microbial activity during the early stage of composting with pig and chicken manure. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature was rapidly increased from the 3rd to the 7th day, and especially the pig manure compost preparing with enzyme was maintained $56^{\circ}C{\sim}69^{\circ}C$. 2. The pH range was shown $7.7{\sim}9.3$, and the pH level increased from the 3rd day to 25th day. Also after the 25th day the pH level decreased gradually. 3. The C/N ratio in the pig manure compost decreased 16.8 at the 30th day, while the compost containing enzymes decreased 19.2 at the 30th day. Chicken manure compost showed similar results at the 28 of C/N ratio at the 30th day with enzyme treatment. 4. The total ammount of sugar in pig manure compost was $6,000{\sim}7,000mg/kg$, while the chicken manure compost was $2,000{\sim}4,000mg/kg$. However, there was no significant difference in view point of enzyme treatment. 5. Cellulase, phosphatase and xylanase activity were continually increased, however amylase and urease activity were not changed during composting.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.400-404
• /
• 2007

The objective of this study was to analyze change of soil organic matter fraction from a range of livestock manure compost that differed in their total C, N content and C quality, to gain a better understanding of their influence on soil organic matter. The chicken (CHM), pig (PIM), and cow (COM) manure-based composts, and manure-sawdust-based composts (CHMS, PIMS, and COMS) were applied annually to the upland soil with $3Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ during 4 years. After 4 years, the soil carbon content was increased to 25-30 and 40% for manure-based compost and manure-sawdust-based compost compared to control. In the all treatments, the content of light fraction C was sharply increased after second year. The content of light fraction C in the manure-sawdust-based compost was higher than in the manure-based compost. By contrast, the content of heavy fraction C was higher in the manure-based compost than in the manure-sawdust-based compost. These results indicate that stabilization of carbon applied from microbiological process was faster in the manure-based compost than in the manure-sawdust-based compost.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.57 no.5
• /
• pp.20.1-20.8
• /
• 2015

Background: In order to prepare for the regulation about the limit of manure production, the status of manure management and the amount of nutrients in the compost discharged from Hanwoo breeding farm shall be known. This study aimed to find the practical amount of nutrients (volatile solids, VS; total nitrogen, T-N; total phosphorus, T-P) in manure, and compost samples collected from 40 Hanwoo breeding farms and the loss of the nutrients was calculated during the composting period, which supports to develop nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) for each nutrient. Results: Although the addition of bedding materials for composting caused the increase of the VS amount before composting, the comparison of VS, N, and P amounts in between manure and compost showed the lower VS by 4 % as well as T-N and T-P amounts by 69 and 40 %, respectively, of which values were corresponded with the NLCs of 0.96, 0.31, and 0.60 for VS, N, and P, respectively, based on the questionnaire, and sample analyses. Considering with the environmental impacts including land application from Hanwoo manure, P loss should be zero before and after composting. In this regard, nitrogen loss of 50 % occurs and VS was increased by 30 %. In addition, feasible cases for the calculations based on the notification from Ministry of Environment were compared with this study. Conclusions: The development of NLCs from Hanwoo manure in this study implies that the loss of nutrients in manure occurs during the composting or storing period. The mass balances of N and P from livestock manure to land application may be overestimated over the practical values. It is necessary to build up the database about each livestock category other than Hanwoo.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2017

In the Korea, 80 percent of livestock manure were converted into compost and used as organic fertilizers. The livestock manure compost has two types of powder and pellet type (ID= 5~10 mm). The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of two types of cow manure compost pellet (cylinder and sphere type). Nitrogen concentrations of cylinder type and sphere type of compost pellets were 1.23 and 1.24%, respectively. There were similar with nitrogen concentration of cylinder and sphere types of compost pellets. As a result of analyzing the effect of granulation processing, it was found that the moisture content of the raw material was the most influential factor in the granulation processing in both of the processing types of the screw pressing method and the rotating cylinder method. When the cylinder and sphere types of compost pellets were dry to 20% of moisture content, the specific gravities of these compost pellets were 1.38 and 1.13, respectively. The compressive strength of cylinder type pellet and sphere type pellet were 27.6 and $11.3kg/cm^2$, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2008

Farmers directly spread the livestock manure compost on their arable land as an organic fertilizer. However, there are some difficult problems to solve. first, we are unsure of whether the livestock manure compost can meet the nutritional demand of plant. Second, application of the current powered livestock manure compost to crop land is very difficult work due to heavy weight of compost and its powdered shape. For this reason, this study was carried out to develope high quality pelletized livestock manure compost. In pelletizing process with composted manure, the optimal water content for pelletizing was around 30$\sim$40%. When rice bran was mixed with 5% as a bonding agent on volume basis, the pelletizing effect was remarkably improved. On a dry matter basis, the contents of N and P of manure compost were 1.31%, and 0.58%, respectively. After pelletizing, the contents of compost pelleted were 1.37% and 0.54%, respectively. The same parameters of pelletized compost made by screw type Instrument were 1.37% and 0.53%, respectively. The other hand, N and P content of pelletized compost made by pellet mill type instrument were 1.06% and 0.18%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.3.1-3.9
• /
• 2018

Background: Poultry breeding has increased by 306% in Korea, inevitably increasing the production of manure which may contribute to environmental pollution. The nutrients (NP) in the manure are essential for crop cultivation and soil fertility when applied as compost. Excess nutrients from manure can be accumulated on the land and can lead to eutrophication. Therefore, a nutrient load on the finite land should be calculated. Methods: This study calculates the nutrient production from Korean poultry by investigating 11 broiler and 16 laying hen farms. The broiler manure was composted using deep litter composting while for layer deep litter composting, drying, and simple static pile were in practice. The effect of weight reduction and storing period during composting was checked. Three weight reduction cases of compost were constructed to calculate nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) using data from; i) farm investigation, ii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), and iii) dry basis. Results: During farm investigation of broiler and layer with deep litter composting, there was a 68 and 21% N loss whereas 77 and 33% P loss was found, respectively. In case of layer composting, a loss of 10-56% N and a 52% P loss was observed. Drying manure increased the P concentrations therefore NLCs calculated using dry basis that showed quite higher reductions (67% N; 53% P). Nutrient loss from farm investigation was much higher than reported by Korean Ministry of Environment (ME). Conclusions: Nutrients in manure are decreased when undergo storing or composting process due to microbial action, drying, and leaching. The nutrient load applied to soil is less than the fresh manure, hence the livestock manure management and conservation of environment would be facilitated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 2009

We investigated the structure of bacterial communities present in livestock manure-based composting processes and evaluated the bacterial succession during the composting processes. Compost samples were derived separately from swine manure, dairy manure and sewage sludge. The structure of the bacterial community was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) using universal eubacterial primers. The genus Bacillus and related genera were mainly detected following the thermophilic composting phase of swine and dairy manure composts, and the members of the phylum Bacteroidetes were mainly detected in the cattle manure waste-based and sewage sludge compost. We recovered and sequenced limited number of the bands; however, the PCR-DGGE analysis showed that predominant diversities during the composting processes were markedly changed. Although PCR-DGGE analysis revealed the presence of different phyla in the early stages of composting, the members of the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were observed to be one of the predominant phyla after the thermophilic phase.