• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2015

In the study for a differentiation and development of spermatogonial cells, the researchers should commonly require a simple, fast and reasonable method that could evaluate the developmental stage of male germ cells without any damage and also relentlessly culture them so far as a cell stage aiming at experimental applications. For developing the efficient method to identify the stage of sperm cells, the morphological characteristics of sperm cells were investigated by staining the cells with blue fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258, and a criterion for male germ cell classification was elicited from results of the previous investigation, then the efficiency of the criterion was verified by applying it to assort the germ cells recovered from male mice in age from 6 to 35 days. As morphological characteristics, spermatogonia significantly differed from spermatocytes in size, appearance and fluorescent patches of nucleus, and spermatids could also be distinguished from spermatozoa by making a difference in the volume and shape of nucleus and the shape and fluorescence of tail. Aforesaid criterion was applicable for classifying in vitro cultured sperm cells by verifying its efficiency and propriety for assorting the stages of testicular germ cells. However, the fluorescent staining showed that germ cells in mouse testis should be dramatically differentiated and developed at 21 days and 35 days of age, which were known as times of sexual puberty and maturity in male mice, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that this simple criterion for sperm cell classification using fluorescence staining with Hoechst 33258 may be highly efficient and reasonable for spermatogenesis study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1008-1018
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• 2018

Although bacteriocins with anti-listerial activity have been isolated from a wide variety of lactic acid bacteria, little is known about those from Leuconostoc lactis, a heterofermentative bacterium that produces diacetyl and exopolysaccharides in dairy foods. In this study, an anti-listerial bacteriocin was isolated from Leuc. lactis SD501 and characterized. It was particularly potent against Listeria monocytogenes and also inhibited Enterococcus faecalis. Anti-listerial activity reached a maximum during the early stationary phase and then decreased gradually. The anti-listerial substance was sensitive to proteinase K and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, confirming its proteinaceous nature. Its activity remained stable at pH values ranging from 1 to 10. In addition, it was strongly resistant to high temperatures, retaining its activity even after incubation for 15 min at $121^{\circ}C$. The apparent molecular mass of the partially purified anti-listerial bacteriocin was approximately 7 kDa. The characteristics of the SD501 bacteriocin, including its small molecular size (<10 kDa), strong anti-listerial activity, wide pH stability and good thermostability, indicate its classification as a Class IIa bacteriocin.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2002

Animal bones that were excavated with earthenware at the Jongdal-ri shell mound archaeological site IV on Jeju Island were investigated morpholgically and osteometrically. This archaeological site is estimated to date from the late Tamra period to the unified Shilla Dynasty (A.D. 7C) based on the type of earthenware. The number of animal bones was 3,430 pieces(Quarter B : 758, Quarter C : 2,672). The animal species consisted of Cervus spp., Sus spp., Bos spp and Canivore. The animal bone pieces excavated at Quarter B consisted of those of Cervus(53.3%), Bos(2.8%) and Sus(13.7%). The bones of Cervus(53.3%), Bos(2.8%), Sus(13.7%) and Canivore(4.6%) were found at Quarter C. The greatest number of heads was unearthed as a whole, and the classification according to animal species showed that the heads were more visible than other bones. Forelimbs and hindlimbs were distributed evenly on the part of Cervus. The skeletons from Bos were identified in the order of heads, forelimbs and hindlimbs, while nearly all the Sus bones were found to be heads. These data suggests that Cervus, Sus and Bos are major fauna at the estimated period.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.41.1-41.12
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• 2020

Background: The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is a serious problem in the laying hen industry worldwide. Currently, the foremost control method for D. gallinae is the implementation of integrated pest management, the effective application of which necessitates a precise monitoring method. Objectives: The aim of the study was to propose an accurate monitoring method with a reliable protocol for caged-layer poultry farms, and to suggest an objective classification for assessing D. gallinae infestation on caged-layer poultry farms according to the number of mites collected using the developed monitoring method. Methods: We compared the numbers of mites collected from corrugated cardboard traps, regarding with length of sampling periods, sampling sites on cage, and sampling positions in farm buildings. The study also compared the mean numbers of mites collected by the developed method with the infestation levels using by the conventional monitoring methods in 37 caged-layer farm buildings. Results: The statistical validation provided the suitable monitoring method that the traps were installed for 2 days on feed boxes at 27 sampling points which included three vertical levels across nine equally divided zones of farms. Using this monitoring method, the D. gallinae infestation level can be assessed objectively on caged-layer poultry farms. Moreover, the method is more sensitive than the conventional method in detecting very small populations of mites. Conclusions: This method can be used to identify the initial stages of D. gallinae infestation in the caged-layer poultry farms, and therefore, will contribute to establishment of effective control strategies for this mite.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify a distribution pattern of meat quality grade (MQG) as a function of carcass yield index (CYI) and the gender of Hanwoo (bull, cow, and steer) to determine the optimum point between both yield and quality. We also attempted to identify how pre- and post-deboning variables affect the gender-specific beef quality of Hanwoo. Methods: A total of 31 deboning variables, consisting of 7 pre-deboning and 24 post-deboning variables from bulls (n = 139), cows (n = 69), and steers (n = 153), were obtained from the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in South Korea. The database was reconstructed to be suitable for a statistical significance test between the CYI and the MQG as well as classification of meat quality. Discriminant function analysis was used for classifying MQG using the deboning parameters of Hanwoo by gender. Results: The means of CYI according to 1+, 1, 2, and 3 of MQG were 68.64±2.02, 68.85±1.94, 68.62±5.88, and 70.99±3.32, respectively. High carcass yield correlated with low-quality grade, while high-quality meat most frequently was obtained from steers. The classification ability of pre-deboning parameters was higher than that of post-deboning parameters. Moisture and the shear force were the common significant parameters in all discriminant functions having a classification accuracy of 80.6%, 71%, and 56.9% for the bull, cow, and steer, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides basic information for predicting the meat quality by gender using pre-deboning variables consistent with the actual grading index.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2013

In order to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the Korean Chikso breed, we determined sequences of mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and performed phylogenetic analysis using 239 individuals from 5 Chikso populations. Five non-synonymous mutations of a total of 15 polymorphic sites were identified among 239 cyt b coding sequences. Thirteen haplotypes were defined, and haplotype diversity was 0.4709 ranging from 0.2577 to 0.6114. Thirty-five haplotypes (C1-C35) were classified among 9 Asia and 3 European breeds. C2 was a major haplotype that contained 206 sequences (64.6%) from all breeds used. C3-C13 haplotypes were Chikso-specific haplotypes. C1 and C2 haplotypes contained 80.5% of cyt b sequences of Hanwoo, Yanbian, Zaosheng and JB breeds. In phylogenetic analyses, the Chikso breed was contained into B. taurus lineage and was genetically more closely related to two Chinese breeds than to Korean brown cattle, Hanwoo. These results suggest that Chikso and Hanwoo have a genetic difference based on the mtDNA cyt b gene as well as their coat color, sufficient for classification as a separate breed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.362-375
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• 2018

This study proposed a rapid microscopic examination method for pork freshness evaluation by using the self-assembled hyperspectral microscopic imaging (HMI) system with the help of feature extraction algorithm and pattern recognition methods. Pork samples were stored for different days ranging from 0 to 5 days and the freshness of samples was divided into three levels which were determined by total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content. Meanwhile, hyperspectral microscopic images of samples were acquired by HMI system and processed by the following steps for the further analysis. Firstly, characteristic hyperspectral microscopic images were extracted by using principal component analysis (PCA) and then texture features were selected based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Next, features data were reduced dimensionality by fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) for further building classification model. Finally, compared with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model and support vector machine (SVM) model, good back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model obtained the best freshness classification with a 100 % accuracy rating based on the extracted data. The results confirm that the fabricated HMI system combined with multivariate algorithms has ability to evaluate the fresh degree of pork accurately in the microscopic level, which plays an important role in animal food quality control.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to find out a nomenclature and a code number for fruit commodities from the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) corresponding with a commodity name used in South Korea. In addition, nomenclature or classification for commodity that needs an alteration or detailed examination domestically was determined. In this study, 'Food Code (Korean and English version)' and 'Pesticide MRLs in Food' from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and 'Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds' were used. As results, regarding a nomenclature or classification used in South Korea, it appeared that alteration or further examination was needed for the following (English name of commodity, coming from an English version of Food Code). First, reconsiderations for classification of Chinese matrimony vine, fig, five-flavor magnolia vine, and pomegranate are needed as they are classified differently between Korea and Codex. Second, in any case of Korean or English language, nomenclature of commodity is different even within Korea or when it is compared with Codex. Such commodities are: Asian citron, Chinese bush cherry, Chinese matrimony vine, coconut, crimson glory vine, date palm, five-flavor magnolia vine, five-leaf chocolate vine, Japanese apricot, Japanese cornelian cherry, jujube, kiwifruit (golden kiwi), Korean black berry, Korean raspberry, kumquat, lychee, mandarin, persimmon, plum, quince, raspberry, and trifoliate orange. Third, reconsiderations for peach and raspberry nomenclatures are needed as it is currently unclear whether 'peach' includes nectarine and an English nomenclature, 'raspberry', is used in Korea for both various varieties (red, black) and one specific variety.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.142-147
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• 2008

We recently used degenerate PCR and locus-specific PCR methods to identify the endogenous retroviruses (ERV) in the bovine genome. Using the ovine ERV classification system, the bovine ERVs (BERVs) could be classified into four families. Here, we searched the most recently released bovine genome database with the partial nucleotide sequence of the pro/pol region of the BERV ${\beta}3$ family. This allowed us to obtain and analyze the complete genome of BERV ${\beta}3$. The BERV ${\beta}3$ genome is 7666 nucleotides long and has the typical retroviral organization, namely, 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pro-pol-env-LTR-3'. The deduced open reading frames for gag, pro, pol and env of BERV ${\beta}3$ en- code 507, 271, 879 and 603 amino acids, respectively. BERV ${\beta}3$ showed little amino acid similarity to other betaretroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it clusters with HERV-K. This is the first report describing the genetic structure and sequence of an entire BERV.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.313-317
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• 2017

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a new renal biomarker for kidney function. It is almost exclusively eliminated by renal filtration. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the changes in serum ceatinine (CREA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and SDMA concentrations in dogs with chronic mitral valve insufficiency (CMVI), according to the severity of CMVI. The evaluation of the severity of CMVI was performed according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) classification of heart failure. The dogs were classified into two groups: group 1 (ACVIM B; n = 11) and group 2 (ACVIM C; n = 15). In dogs with advanced CMVI, the serum SDMA concentrations were significantly increased above the normal reference range and were independent of body weight (BW), systolic blood pressure (SBP), or sex. No dog in either group had higher serum CREA concentrations than the upper limit. The serum SDMA concentration may be a better renal marker than serum CREA concentrations for the early diagnoses of renal dysfunction in dogs with CMVI.