• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.95-104
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify the effects of apparatus Pilates exercise on Cobb's angle, angle of trunk rotation, and depression in female patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: Participants included five patients with idiopathic scoliosis presenting with Cobb's angle of 10 degrees or more. Among the single-subject experimental research designs, the reversal (ABA) design was selected and performed. The apparatus Pilates exercise was performed for a total of 16 weeks, comprising 8 weeks between the baseline and intervention 1 period and 8 weeks between intervention 1 and intervention 2 periods. The patients were then followed up for 5 weeks. Results: In all subjects, compared to the baseline, Cobb's angle and the angle of trunk rotation decreased after application of the apparatus Pilates exercise. The follow-up period also showed a similar continuous decline. Following the apparatus Pilates exercise, the depression scale in subject 3 was increased during the intervention 1 period as compared to the baseline. However, the patient displayed a reduced depression scale in intervention 2 and follow-up periods. The depression scale in all other subjects was decreased for both intervention periods and the follow-up period. Conclusion: The application of apparatus Pilates exercise improves Cobb's angle and the angle of trunk rotation for female patients with idiopathic scoliosis in their 10s and 20s. Our results also indicate that this is potentially an effective intervention method to overcome depression.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.30-39
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• 2017

Background: Scapular posterior tilt (SPT) is important in the prevention of abnormal scapular movement and pain during elevation of the arm. However, previous studies have overlooked increased upper trapezius (UT) muscle activity interrupting the normal force couple of scapular motion and compensation of levator scapulae (LS) muscle activated simultaneously with UT during SPT exercise. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of modified SPT with depression exercise versus SPT exercise on serratus anterior (SA), lower trapezius (LT), UT, and LS muscle activities and the clavicular tilt angle, in subjects with rounded shoulder posture (RSP) and myofascial pain in the UT muscle region. Methods: Eighteen subjects with RSP were recruited and randomly allocated to 2 groups; 9 in the SPT group and 9 in the SPT with depression group. All subjects met the specific RSP criteria and had myofascial pain of UT region. Depending on the allocated group, subjects performed the assigned SPT exercise and EMG data were recorded during the each exercise. Clavicular tilt angle was defined as the angle between the line joining the medial and lateral end of the clavicle and a horizontal line. Results: The SA muscle activity was significantly greater in SPT with depression than with SPT exercise (p<.05). The UT, LS muscle activity and the clavicular tilt angle was significantly lower in SPT with depression than with SPT exercise (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings were insightful because the potential risk of pain from overactivation of the UT and LS was considered, in contrast with SPT exercise. SPT with depression exercise can be implemented as an effective method to facilitate scapular muscle activity for stability and to prevent myofascial pain in the neck and shoulder.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to develop the principle of space composition in Jungja of a category of korean traditional space. The results which analyzed outside space, prospect angle and preference factors for landscape with making, Jungja which has artificially constructed pond within Gyeongbug province, the subject of study were as fellows ; Size of pond was quite different in each Jungja, and its form was retangular. There was built circle island or figured ten-long life within pond. These pursued harmony of the cosmic dual force or eternal youth. Average angle of depression and horizontal angle from floor of Jungja to pond were respectively 16$^{\circ}$ 23', 48$^{\circ}$ 26'. Average angle of depression to island in pond was 13$^{\circ}$28'. Average angle of depression from floor of Jungia to wall was 2$^{\circ}$58'. With controlling height of wall, there was maintained privacy and used borrowed landscape. Tree within garden was mainly planted a deciduous tall tree, the important species of tree were bamboo, pomegranate tree, crape myrtle, etc. Variables that gave influence on landscape preference degree were things about tree and pond. On prospecting pond, these variables-feeling for shore protection, impression for water, visual depth to pond feeling for shore protection, impression for water, visual depth to pond-gave Largely influences.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate steady-state force depression following active muscle shortening in human tibialis anterior muscle during voluntary contractions. Subjects (n = 7; age $24{\sim}39$ years; 7 males) performed isometric reference contractions and isometric-shortening-isometric contractions, using maximal voluntary effort. Force depression was assessed by comparing the steady-state isometric torque produced following active muscle shortening with the purely isometric reference torque obtained at the corresponding joint angle. In order to test for effects of the shortening conditions on the steady-state force depression, the speed of shortening were changed systematically in a random order but balanced design. Ankle dorsiflexion torque and joint angle were continuously measured using a dynamometer. During voluntary contractions, muscle activation of the tibialis anterior and the medical gastrocnemius was recorded using surface electromyography. Force depression during voluntary contractions, with a constant level of muscle activation, was 12 %, on average over all subjects. Force depression was independent of the speeds of shortening ($13.8{\pm}2.9%$, $10.3{\pm}2.6%$ for 15 and 45 deg/sec over 15 deg of shortening, respectively). The results of this study suggest that steady-state force depression is a basic property of voluntarily-contracting human skeletal muscle and has functional implication to human movements.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 2006

Purpose: To study prognostic factors of unilateral calcaneus fracture underwent surgery. Materials and Methods: We selected appropriate 60 cases of 236 calcaneus fracture cases between March 1985 and March 2004, and analyzed the correlation between sex, age, smoking, injury mechanism, Essex-Lopresti classification of calcaneus fracture, preoperative Bohler angle, postoperative Bohler angle, postoperative 1 year Bohler angle and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), P.S. Kerr's Calcaneal Fracture Score (CFSS). The average age was 41.4 and average follow up period was 74 (12 to 240) months. Results: For follow up period, average VAS is 3.43 and CFSS is 81.23. The sex, age, smoking, injury mechanism, and preoperative, postoperative, postoperative 1 year Bohler angle had no correlation with the prognosis. But the Essex-Lopresti classification of calcaneus fracture, tongue type had better prognosis than joint depression type (VAS : p=0.041, CFSS : p=0.021). Conclusion: In unilateral calcaneus fracture, the sex, age, smoking, injury mechanism, preoperative Bohler angle, postoperative Bohler angle, postoperative 1 year Bohler angle had no correlation with the prognosis of fracture, but in Essex-Lopresti classification, the tongue type fracture had better prognosis than the joint depression type.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the results of treatments by percutaneous Acutrak screw fixation for intra-articular joint depression type fracture of calcaneus. Materials and Methods: Thirteen cases with intra-articular joint depression type fracture of calcaneus, from September 2004 to March 2006, were reviewed. There were 9 males and 4 females with 52.5 years old mean age (range: $31{\sim}74$ years old). The average follow-up period was 18 months (range: $8{\sim}32$ months). Steinmann pins and Freers were used for closed reduction. After closed reduction, Acutrak screws and K-wires were inserted. The patients were evaluated with Creighton-Nebraska health foundation assessment sheet for calcaneal fracture, the extent of recovery of Bohler angle, fragment size, and state of subtalar joint. Results: Clinical results according to Creighton-Nebraska health foundation assessment sheet for calcaneal fracture were excellent in 6 cases (46%), good in 4 cases (30%), fair in 2 cases (15%), and poor in 1 case (7%). Average preoperative Bohler angle was $7.6^{\circ}$ (range: $2^{\circ}{\sim}13^{\circ}$). Average postoperative Bohler angle was $24.4^{\circ}$ (range: $4^{\circ}{\sim}33^{\circ}$). There were no soft tissue complications. There were one mild subtalar arthritis and one moderate subtalar arthritis. Conclusion: We think that closed reduction and percutaneous Acutrak screw fixation with or without K-wire is a good option for joint depression type fracture of calcaneus.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of operative treatment using porous hydroxyapatite for intraarticular calcaneal fracture of joint depression type. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with intraarticular calcaneal fracture were followed up for more than 1 year. The period to union was calculated to evaluate the osteoconductivity of porous hydroxyapatite used as bone graft substitute. The measurement of Bohler angle, Gissane angle and the degree of articular surface depression was performed through preoperative and postoperative radiographs. The clinical evaluation was performed according to hindfoot score of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and scale of the Creighton-Nebraska health foundation (CNHF). Results: Bohler angle and Gissane angle had improved significantly from preoperative average $10.4^{\circ}$, $117.8^{\circ}$ to average $22.6^{\circ}$, $113.5^{\circ}$ immediate postoperatively, and had maintained to average $21.2^{\circ}$ and $114.4^{\circ}$ at the last follow-up. The degree of articular surface depression had improved significantly from preoperative average 4.8 mm to 1.5 mm at the last follow-up. All cases achieved bone union, and the interval to union was average 12.8 weeks. AOFAS score was average 85.2 points at last follow-up. There were 7 excellent, 10 good, and 3 fair results according to the CNHF scale. Therefore, 17 cases (85%) achieved satisfactory results. Conclusion: Plate fixation using porous hydroxyapatite seems to be one of effective treatment methods for intraarticular calcaneal fracture of joint depression type, because of supporting the reduction of subtalar articulation by augmenting bony defect and facilitating bone formation. Further evaluation about long-term radiological changes and histological analysis on hydroxyapatite implantation site should be required.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.21-29
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• 2000

The Purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of the autoclave inner pressure rate, heat-up rate, tool round angle, Thickness of core, height of joggle on defects, and to minimize the defects of aircraft sandwich structure reinforced with honeycomb core occurred in autoclave processing. The results showed that the geometry of aircraft sandwich structure and tool such as tool round angle, Thickness of core, height of joggle, and the autoclave cure conditions such as inner pressure rate, heat up rate strongly affected the core movement, core wrinkle, bridge phenomenon of prepreg and depression of core that occurred in autoclave processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.29-33
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of the autoclave inner pressure rate, heat-up rate, tool round angle, Thickness of core, height of joggle on defects, and to minimize the defects of aircraft sandwich structure reinforced with honeycomb core occurred in autoclave processing. The results showed that the geometry of aircraft sandwich structure and tool such as tool round angle, Thickness of core, height of joggle, and the autoclave cure conditions such as inner pressure rate, heat up rate strongly affected the core movement, core wrinkle, bridge phenomenon of prepreg and depression of core that occurred in autoclave processing.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-133
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• 2018

The goal of this study is to investigate the factors affecting firefighter's traumatic experiences and to examine and compare the differences of how those factors contribute to firefighter's burnout, depression, anxiety and social relationships. This study suggests that it is imperative for firefighters to have mindfulness, which brings mental and emotional healing, for their job-satisfaction. To empirically examine the research model of this study, the questionnaire survey was carried out to firefighters in InCheon Metropolitan City for two weeks; from October 19thto November 3rd, 2017. Out of 180 questionnaires, 170were retrieved. Total number of 160 questionnaires are empirically examined this study, excluding10bad survey responses. The t-test was conducted to determine whether there exist differences by gender among traumatic experienced firefighters, and a meaningful difference was found from perceived intrusiveness, a sub factor to traumatic experiences. Male firefighters showed higher mean than that of female firefighters in perceived angle, evasion and intrusiveness. Second, the t-test was conducted to determine whether there exist differences by gender in firefighter's burnout, but no meaningful differences were found. Female firefighters showed higher mean in emotional exhaustion, impersonalization and in decrease in self-achievements. Third, the t-test was conducted to determine whether there exist differences by gender in firefighter's depression and relationships, but no meaningful differences were found.