• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.406-412
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• 2012

The polymorphism (insertion, I or deletion, D) of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is designated as the presence of a 287 bp Alu repeat. The D/D homozygote carrier is associated with high ACE activity, and this high activity has been implicated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, or diabetic nephropathy. We studied the clinical candidate marker in ACE gene polymorphism using chemical and hematological analysis. The subjects are divided into normotensive and hypertensive groups and ACE genotype in the group was confirmed by PCR method. Chemical analysis was preceded with Hitachi7060, and hematological analysis was performed using Mythic 22. In 116 targeted people, 17 (38.64%) of 44 I/I genotype group are hypertension, 15 (34.09%) in 44 with D/I, but, D/D type in the 28 cases is 15 patients (53.57%) in hypertension. In hypertension group, biochemical analysis (triglyceride, and alkaline phosphatase) and hematological analysis (white blood cell, platelet) are showed high value in D/D genotype of ACE gene. The relationship between hypertension and ACE genotype is the same results as previously reported and we thought that the high laboratory value of white blood cell, platelet, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase are also indicator of hypertension in D/D type of ACE.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 1998

This study was designed to investigate the angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of skipjack/yellowpin tuna cooking broth. The cooking broth was pretreated with membrane filter (MW cut-off 5,000) to obtain the peptide fraction with ACE inhibition. the crude peptides fractionated with Amberlite IR-120 ($H^{+}$ form and followed by Bio-gel P-2, were separated into nine fractions (T-1 to T-9). The maximum inhibitory activity was observed in the fraction T-4 ($IC_{50}$ value, 0.619mg/ml). The abundant amino acids obtained from active fraction T-4 were phenylaanine, leucine and glutamic acid.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1318-1323
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• 2004

This study describes the purification and characterization of a novel antihypertensive angiotensin 1­converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Maximal production of the ACE inhibitor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained from 24 h of cultivation at $30^{\circ}C$ and its ACE inhibitory activity was increased by about 1.5 times after treatment of the cell-free extract with pepsin. After the purification of ACE inhibitory peptides with ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC, an active fraction with an $IC_{50}$ of 0.07 mg and $3.5\%$ yield was obtained. The purified peptide was a novel decapeptide, showing very low similarity to other ACE inhibitory peptide sequences, and its amino acid sequence was Tyr-Asp-Gly-Gly-Val-Phe-Arg-Val-Tyr-Thr. The purified inhibitor competitively inhibited ACE and also showed a clear antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2003

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the relation between the angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) gene polymorphism and stroke in the Korean population. Methods : This study was carried out on 58 stroke patients who were hospitalized in the department of acupuncture & moxibustion, college of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee University and 61 healthy control subjects. Blood samples from all subjects were obtaind for DNA extration. The extracted DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). PCR products were visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results : The sub-genotypes of ACE gene were II homozygotes, ID heterozygotes, DD homozygotes. While the distribution of ACE polymorphism in control subjects was 31%, 51%, 18%, the distribution of it in stoke patients was 33%, 52%, 16%(II, ID, DD). Thus, there was no significant different between the control and stroke groups. Conclusions : we conclude that there is no significant association between ACE gene polymorphism and storke in Korean papulation. However, the findings of this study need to be confirmed in large patients and further studies. Additional epidemiologicallly based studies of the effects and relationship between ACE or other genes and lifesyles with regard to stroke required.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.239-243
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• 2005

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of elk antler hydrolysates prepared with three kinds of proteases, pepsin, trypsin and $\alpha-chymotrypsin$, were investigated. The ACE inhibitory activity of the pepsinolytic hydrolysate was the highest with an $IC_{50}$ value of $9.3\mu g/mL.$ In addition, three kinds of pepsinolytic hydrolysates with relatively high molecular weights (over 10,000 Da), medium molecular weights (5,000 to 10,000 Da), and low molecular weights (below 5,000 Da) were fractionated using an ultrafiltration membrane system. The below 5,000 Da hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity. These results indicate that the pepsinolytic hydrolysates of elk velvet antler could be a good source of peptides with ACE inhibitory activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2001

About 100 bacterial strains producing proteolytic enzymes were isolated from Korean traditional soy paste Doenjang. Among them, strain SYG3 producing the highest level of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor into the culture medium was selected and identified as Bacillus pumilus according to the Bergey's mannual of systematic bacteriology. Soybean powder as a nitrogen source and glucose as a carbon source supported high level of ACE inhibitor production. The presence of 3% NaCl also enhanced the production of ACE inhibitor in the medium. The optimum initial pH of the medium and culture temperature for the production of ACE inhibitor were 7.0 and $32^{\circ}C$, respectively. The maximal level of ACE inhibitory effect was obtained after 36 hours of cultivation under the optimized conditions, which was about 98% of inhibition ratio.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.135.2-135
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• 2003

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II by cleaving C-terminal dipeptide of angiotensin I and inactivates bradykinin. ACE inhibitors have been screened from various food sources since the inhibitors decrease blood pressure. Therefore, in this study, an ACE inhibitor was isolated and purified from squid ink using membrane filtration, gel permeation chromatography, normal phase HPLC, and fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified inhibitor was identified to be a molecular mass of 294 by mass spectrometry, and to have IC$\sub$50/ value of 4.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.594-599
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• 2001

This study was attempted to isolate and identify the strain revealing high angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity from various soy fermented foods, i.e. meju, soybean paste and soy sauce. Forty-two strains with morphologically different characteristics were selected and the ACE inhibitory and proteolytic activities were examined. Of the strains tested, SS103 which was isolated from soy sauce showed the highest ACE inhibitory and proteolytic activities and was finally selected for further studies. The SS103 strain showed motility, rod form and ellipsoidal spores. The shape of colonies on the agar media was irregular, mucoidal and surface dull. The strain could grow under aerobic conditions of pH 5~9 and 10~$50^{\circ}C$. Main cellular fatty acid was $C_{15:0}$ anteiso, $C_{17:0}$ cis and $C_{17:0}$ iso, which was 33.9%, 18.8% and 16.5%, respectively. Based upon these morphological, biochemical and cultural properties, SS103 was identified as a Bacillus subtilis. Optimum cultural condition of Bacillus subtilis SS103 was pH 8.0, $37^{\circ}C$ and 48 hr.48 hr.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.417-424
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• 2003

Inhibitory activities against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) of enzymatic hydrolysates of porcine skeletal muscle proteins were investigated. Myosin B, myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin and water-soluble proteins extracted from pork loin were digested by eight kinds of proteases, including pepsin, $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. After digestion, hydrolysates produced from all proteins showed ACE inhibitory activities, and the peptic hydrolysate showed the strongest activity. In the case of myosin B, the molar concentration of peptic hydrolysate required to inhibit 50% of the activity increased gradually as digestion proceeded. The hydrolysates produced by sequential digestion with pepsin and $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, pepsin and trypsin or pepsin and pancreatin showed weaker activities than those by pepsin alone, suggesting that ACE inhibitory peptides from peptic digestion might lose their active sequences after digestion by the second protease. However, the hydrolysates produced by sequential digestion showed stronger activities than those by $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, trypsin or pancreatin alone. These results suggested that the hydrolysates of porcine meat were able to show ACE inhibitory activity, even if they were digested in vivo, and that pork might be a useful source of physiologically functional factors.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.132-139
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• 2002

The correlation between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms and cerebral infarction (CI) has been controversial. Such controversy may be due to different classifications of cerebrovascular diseases and ethnic differences. I studied the correlation between ACE genotypes and CI patients by case-control study in the Korean population. I also classified CI patients and control group into four types according to Sasang constitutional medicine. Furthermore I investigated the correlation among ACE genotypes, CI and Sasang constitutions. The frequencies of D allele were 0.32 in subjects with CI and 0.40 in the control group without CI (X2=0.128, p=0.720). In patients with CI, the frequency of Taeumins, one of four Sasang constitutional types, was significantly higher than that in controls (X2=15.425, p<0.00l). I did not find any correlation between ACE polymorphism and CI in Koreans. However, there were significant differences in allele frequencies between Koreans and Europeans, while similarities were shown to those of Japanese and Chinese populations.