Total Cholesterol and Alkaline Phosphatase are Increased in D/D Type of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

  • Kim, Sung-Su (Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daejeon University)
  • Received : 2012.07.01
  • Accepted : 2012.10.03
  • Published : 2012.12.31

Abstract

The polymorphism (insertion, I or deletion, D) of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is designated as the presence of a 287 bp Alu repeat. The D/D homozygote carrier is associated with high ACE activity, and this high activity has been implicated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, or diabetic nephropathy. We studied the clinical candidate marker in ACE gene polymorphism using chemical and hematological analysis. The subjects are divided into normotensive and hypertensive groups and ACE genotype in the group was confirmed by PCR method. Chemical analysis was preceded with Hitachi7060, and hematological analysis was performed using Mythic 22. In 116 targeted people, 17 (38.64%) of 44 I/I genotype group are hypertension, 15 (34.09%) in 44 with D/I, but, D/D type in the 28 cases is 15 patients (53.57%) in hypertension. In hypertension group, biochemical analysis (triglyceride, and alkaline phosphatase) and hematological analysis (white blood cell, platelet) are showed high value in D/D genotype of ACE gene. The relationship between hypertension and ACE genotype is the same results as previously reported and we thought that the high laboratory value of white blood cell, platelet, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase are also indicator of hypertension in D/D type of ACE.

Keywords

References

  1. Bouzekri N, Zhu X, Jiang Y, McKenzie CA, Luke A, Forrester T, Adeyemo A, Kan D, Farrall M, Anderson S, Cooper RS, Ward R. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme polymorphisms, ACE level and blood pressure among Nigerians, Jamaicans and African-Americans. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004. 12: 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201166
  2. Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, Evans A, Cambou JP, Arveiler D, Luc G, Bard JM, Bara L, Ricard S, Tiret L, Amouyel P, Alhenc-Gelas R, Soubrier F. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 1992. 359: 641-644. https://doi.org/10.1038/359641a0
  3. Campbell-Boswell M, Robertson AL, Jr. Effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin on human smooth muscle cells in vitro. Exp Mol Pathol. 1981. 35: 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4800(81)90066-6
  4. Danser AH, Schalekamp MA, Bax WA, van den Brink AM, Saxena PR, Riegger GA, Schunkert H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/insertion polymorphism. Circulation 1995. 92: 1387-1388. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.6.1387
  5. Erdos EG, Skidgel RA. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Lab Invest. 1987. 56: 345-348.
  6. Forsyth JS, Reilly J, Fraser CG, Struthers AD. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in infancy is related to birth weight. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004. 89: F442-444. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2003.027896
  7. Geisterfer AA, Peach MJ, Owens GK. Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 1988. 62: 749-756. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.62.4.749
  8. Harn HJ, Chang CY, Ho LI, Liu CA, Jeng JR, Lin FG, Jent W. Evidence that polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene may be related to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in the Chinese population. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995. 35: 1175-1181.
  9. Higaki J, Baba S, Katsuya T, Sato N, Ishikawa K, Mannami T, Ogata J, Ogihara T. Deletion allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene increases risk of essential hypertension in Japanese men: the Suita Study. Circulation 2000. 101: 2060 -2065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.17.2060
  10. Jones A, Montgomery HE, Woods DR. Human performance: a role for the ACE genotype? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002. 30: 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200210000-00008
  11. Keavney B, McKenzie C, Parish S, Palmer A, Clark S, Youngman L, Delepine M, Lathrop M, Peto R, Collins R. Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensinconverting- enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls. International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) Collaborators. Lancet 2000. 355: 434-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82009-7
  12. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995. 333: 1670-1676. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199512213332503
  13. Lindpaintner K, Pfeffer MA, Kreutz R, Stampfer MJ, Grodstein F, LaMotte F, Buring J, Hennekens CH. A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1995. 332: 706-711. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199503163321103
  14. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Roulston JE, Jones JC, Morton JJ. Maintenance of blood pressure by the renin-angiotensin system in normal man. Nature 1981. 291: 329-331. https://doi.org/10.1038/291329a0
  15. Miller ED, Jr., Ackerly JA, Vaughan ED, Jr., Peach MJ, Epstein RM. The renin-angiotensin system during controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside. Anesthesiology 1977. 47: 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-197709000-00005
  16. Morris BJ, Zee RY, Schrader AP. Different frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes in older hypertensive individuals. J Clin Invest. 1994. 94: 1085-1089. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117423
  17. O'Donnell CJ, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, Rao VS, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, Myers RH, Levy D. Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998. 97: 1766-1772. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1766
  18. Qu H, Lu Y, Lin S. Meta-analysis on the association of ACE/ID polymorphism and essential hypertension in Chinese population. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2001. 35: 408-411.
  19. Reid IA, Morris BJ, Ganong WF. The renin-angiotensin system. Annu Rev Physiol. 1978. 40: 377-410. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.40.030178.002113
  20. Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA. Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet. 1999. 22: 59-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/8760
  21. Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Cambien F, Corvol P, Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990. 86: 1343-1346. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114844
  22. Ruff CT, Braunwald E. The evolving epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011. 8: 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.199
  23. Say YH, Ling KH, Duraisamy G, Isaac S, Rosli R. Angiotensinogen M235T gene variants and its association with essential hypertension and plasma renin activity in Malaysian subjects: a case control study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005. 5; 5: 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-5-7
  24. Tiret L, Rigat B, Visvikis S, Breda C, Corvol P, Cambien F, Soubrier F. Evidence, from combined segregation and linkage analysis, that a variant of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE levels. Am J Hum Genet. 1992. 51: 197-205.
  25. Vargas-Alarcon G, Hernandez-Pacheco G, Rodriguez-Perez JM, Perez-Hernandez N, Pavon Z, Fragoso JM, Juarez-Cedillo T, Villarreal-Garza C, Granados J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism in Mexican populations. Hum Biol. 2003 Dec. 75: 889-896. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2004.0012
  26. Yoshida K, Ishigami T, Nakazawa I, Ohno A, Tamura K, Fukuoka M, Mizushima S, Umemura S. Association of essential hypertension in elderly Japanese with I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. J Hum Genet. 2000. 45: 294-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100380070019
  27. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001. 104: 2746-2753. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc4601.099487
  28. Zhu X, Bouzekri N, Southam L, Cooper RS, Adeyemo A, McKenzie CA, Luke A, Chen G, Elston RC, Ward R. Linkage and association analysis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-gene polymorphisms with ACE concentration and blood pressure. Am J Hum Genet. 2001. 68: 1139-1148. https://doi.org/10.1086/320104
  29. Zhu X, McKenzie CA, Forrester T, Nickerson DA, Broeckel U, Schunkert H, Doering A, Jacob HJ, Cooper RS, Rieder MJ. Localization of a small genomic region associated with elevated ACE. Am J Hum Genet. 2000. 67: 1144-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62945-0
  30. Zintzaras E, Raman G, Kitsios G, Lau J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphic variant as a marker of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2008. 168: 1077-1089. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.10.1077