• Journal of Audiology & Otology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2019

Background and Objectives: Knowing the ototoxic potential of the agents used in medical treatments is important for the protection of hearing. Although we have knowledge regarding some effects of dexmedetomidine, which is an anesthetic-sparing drug, its influence over the hearing system has never been studied and is obscure yet. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine application during sevoflurane anesthesia on otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Subjects and Methods: This prospective randomized study was performed on 60 patients (34 male, 26 female, mean age: 30.6±9.2 years) who were scheduled for an elective surgery under general anesthesia and the patients were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups. They received dexmedetomidine (Group D) or Saline (Group S) infusion during a standardized Sevoflurane anesthesia. Transient and distortion product OAEs were measured preoperatively and postoperatively (24th hour). OAE results were compared within and between groups. Results: In group D postoperative OAEs were lower than preoperative OAEs and postoperative levels of group S, especially at low frequencies (p<0.05). Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine infusion affects the micromechanical function of cochlea especially in the low-frequency region. Dexmedetomidine should be carefully used during general anesthesia to avoid its probable harmful effects on cochlear micromechanics.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2019

Background and Objectives: Knowing the ototoxic potential of the agents used in medical treatments is important for the protection of hearing. Although we have knowledge regarding some effects of dexmedetomidine, which is an anesthetic-sparing drug, its influence over the hearing system has never been studied and is obscure yet. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine application during sevoflurane anesthesia on otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). Subjects and Methods: This prospective randomized study was performed on 60 patients (34 male, 26 female, mean age: 30.6±9.2 years) who were scheduled for an elective surgery under general anesthesia and the patients were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 groups. They received dexmedetomidine (Group D) or Saline (Group S) infusion during a standardized Sevoflurane anesthesia. Transient and distortion product OAEs were measured preoperatively and postoperatively (24th hour). OAE results were compared within and between groups. Results: In group D postoperative OAEs were lower than preoperative OAEs and postoperative levels of group S, especially at low frequencies (p<0.05). Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine infusion affects the micromechanical function of cochlea especially in the low-frequency region. Dexmedetomidine should be carefully used during general anesthesia to avoid its probable harmful effects on cochlear micromechanics.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.317-322
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop a self-management program for patients suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD), based on the self-determination theory and subsequently perform a heuristic evaluation by professionals and a quality assessment by users. The program consisted of 6 main menus and 20 submenus. Heuristic evaluation was conducted using eight principles, and as a result, a score of 1 was assigned by a professional for five principles: consistency and mapping, good ergonomics and minimalist design, flexibility and efficiency, anesthetics, and error management. Two professionals gave the principles of ease of input, screen readability, and glanceability a score of 1. In the quality assessment by the users, the system quality category had the highest score of 4.6 out of 5, and information quality had the lowest score of 3.87 out of 5. The overall average score was 4.08, which indicated the general satisfaction regarding the quality of the application. We have reflected on all the recommendations provided by the professionals based on their heuristic evaluation and incorporated them in the program.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.168-172
• /
• 2012

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of fluoroscopy-guided anterior approach for suprascapular nerve block (SSNB). Methods: Twenty patients with chronic shoulder pain were included in the study. All of the nerve blocks were performed with patients in a supine position. Fluoroscopy was tilted medially to obtain the best view of the scapular notch (medial angle) and caudally to put the base of coracoid process and scapular spine on same line (caudal angle). SSNB was performed by introducing a 100-mm, 21-gauge needle to the scapular notch with tunnel view technique. Following negative aspiration, 1.0 ml of contrast was injected to confirm the scapular notch, and 1 % mepivacaine 2 ml was slowly injected. The success of SSNB was assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) before and after the block. Results: The average NRS was decreased from $4.8{\pm}0.6$ to $0.6{\pm}0.5$ after the procedure (P < 0.05). The best view of the scapular notch was obtained in a medial angle of $15.1{\pm}2.2$ ($11-19^{\circ}$) and a caudal angle of $15.4{\pm}1.7^{\circ}$ ($12-18^{\circ}$). The average distance from the skin to the scapular notch was $5.8{\pm}0.6$ cm. None of the complications such as pneumothorax, intravascular injection, and hematoma formation was found except one case of partial brachial plexus block. Conclusions: SSNB by fluoroscopy-guided anterior approach is a feasible technique. The advantage of using a fluoroscopy resulted in an effective block with a small dose of local anesthetics by an accurate placement of a tip of needle in the scapular notch while avoiding pneumothorax.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.14 no.7
• /
• pp.3400-3411
• /
• 2013

The data mining is a new approach to extract useful information through effective analysis of huge data in numerous fields. This study was analyzed by decision making tree model using Clementine C&RT(Classification & Regression Tree, CART) as data mining technique. We utilized this data mining technique to analyze medical record of 1,500 people. Whole data were assorted by length of stay in PACU and divided into 3 groups. The result extracted by C5.0 decision tree method showed that important related factors for lengh of stay in PACU are type of operation, preoperative EKG abnormality, anesthetics, operative duration, age.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.381-387
• /
• 2005

Malignant hyperthermia is a catastrophic, hypermetabolic syndrome that arises in susceptible individuals when they are exposed to certain inhalational anesthetics or muscle relaxants. It is characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, acidosis, and muscle rigidity. It has been noted that the majority of cases of malignant hyperthermia are fatal unless early diagnosis and treatment are performed. We experienced a 24 year old male Malignant hyperthermia presented for orthognathic surgery under $O_2-N_2O$-sevoflurane anesthesia without succinylcholine. Two half hours after induction, tachycardia developed and was followed by unstable blood pressure and hyperpyrexia. Anesthesia was terminated and vigorous emergency treatment was attempted. The patient was treated by the intravenous administration of dantrolene sodium. The diagnosis of an acute malignant hyperthermia reaction by clinical criteria can be difficult because of the nonspecific nature and variable incidence of many of the clinical signs and laboratory findings. So the malignant hyperthermia clinical grading scale is recommended for use as an aid to the objective definition of this disease. This clinical grading system provides a new and comprehensive clinical case definition for the malignant hyperthermia syndrome. We recently encountered a case of delayed malignant hyperthermia during sevoflurane anesthesia that was successfully treated by the intravenous administration of dantrolene sodium. In conclusion, exposure to sevoflurane should be avoided in patients thought to be susceprible to malignant hyperthermia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.2 no.6
• /
• pp.715-724
• /
• 1998

Frequency-force relationships (FFR) were studied in electrically field stimulated rat left atria (LA) by reducing the stimulation frequency from resting 3 Hz to test frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) for 5 minutes. The twitch amplitudes of LA elicited the typical negative staircases with 3-phased changes: the initial rapid increase, the second decrease and the following plateau at test frequencies. Verapamil $(3{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$ pretreatment elicited frequency-dependent suppression of the twitch amplitudes, exaggerating the negative staircase. Monensin pretreatment enhanced not the peak but the plateau amplitudes in a concentration-dependent manner. When the $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchange was blocked by $Na^+\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ depletion in the Krebs Hensleit buffer (0 $Na^+-0\;Ca^{2+}$ KHB), the twitch amplitudes increased in a frequency-dependent manner, changing the negtive staircase into the positve one. Meanwhile, the 0 $Na^+-0\;Ca^{2+}$ KHB applicationinduced enhancement was strongly suppressed by caffeine (5 mM) pretreatment. Only dibucaine among the local anesthetics increased the basal tone during frequency reduciton. There were no differences in $^{45}Ca$ uptakes between 0.3 Hz and 3 Hz stimulation except at 1 min when it was significantly low at 0.3 Hz than 3 Hz, illustrating net $Ca^{2+}$ losses. Monensin pretreatment enhanced the rate of this $Ca^{2+}$ loss. Taken together, it is concluded that $Na^+-Ca^{2+}$ exchange extrudes more SR released $Ca^{2+}$ out of the cell in proportion to the frequency, resulting in the negative rate staircase in the rat LA.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.276-282
• /
• 2005

Inferior alveolar nerve block using lidocaine is the most frequent local anesthetic method in the dental treatment, but clinically it is not always successful. The 2% lidocaine cartridge has been used commonly in dental anesthesia. It contains vasoconstrictor and antioxidant, which presents low pH which provides chemical stability and longer shelf life. But alkalinized local anesthetics has less tissue trauma, easier dissociation of the non-ionized base which penetrates nerve sheath, rapid onset and more intensity. In this study, in inferior alveolar nerve block, alkalinized lidocaine using sodium bicarbonate (experimental group) is compared with plain lidocaine (control group) about injection pain, anesthetic onset, duration and postinjection discomfort. In inferior alveolar nerve block, alkalinized lidocaine using sodium bicarbonate showed lower injection pain. There was significant difference statistically from plain lidocaine(p=0.019). Comparing with plain lidocaine, alkalinized lidocaine produced more rapid onset (lip & pulp anesthetic onset), there was no significant difference(p>0.05). but there was boundary significance (0.050.05). These results suggest that addition of sodium bicarbonate to 2% lidocaine(1:100,000 epinephrine) for inferior alveolar nerve block is more effective for reduction of injection pain and onset time.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 2017

Background: There are no studies regarding 4% articaine infiltration injection into the retro-molar area for an impacted lower third molar (LITM) surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of infiltration using 1.7 ml (single cartridge: SC) of 4% articaine versus 3.4 ml (double cartridges: DC) of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in LITM surgery. Method: This study involved 30 healthy patients with symmetrical LITM. The patients were assigned to receive either a DC or SC of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine as a local anesthetic for each operation. Onset, duration, profoundness, need for additional anesthetic administration, total volume of anesthetic used, vitality of the tooth, and pain score during operation were recorded. Results: The DC of 4 % articaine had a significantly higher success rate (83.3%) than did the SC (53.3%; P<0.05). The duration of soft tissue anesthesia was longer in the DC group. The intra-operative pain was higher in the SC group with a significant (P < 0.05) requirement for a supplementary local anesthetic. Conclusion: We concluded that using DC for the infiltration injection had a higher success rate, longer duration of anesthesia, less intra-operative pain, and a lower amount of additional anesthesia than SC in the surgical removal of LITM. We recommend that a DC of 4% articaine and a 1:100,000 epinephrine infiltration in the retro-molar region can be an alternative anesthetic for LITM surgery.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.323-341
• /
• 2019

Background: Local anesthetics alone or in combination with adjuncts, such as oral medications, have routinely been used for pain control during endodontic treatment. The best clinical choice amongst the vast numbers of agents and techniques available for pain control for irreversible pulpitis is unclear. This network meta-analysis combined the available evidence on agents and techniques for pulpal anesthesia in the maxilla and mandible, in order to identify the best amongst these approaches statistically, as a basis for future clinical trials. Methods: Randomized trials in MEDLINE, DARE, and COCHRANE databases were screened based on inclusion criteria and data were extracted. Heterogeneity was assessed and odds ratios were used to estimate effects. Inconsistencies between direct and indirect pooled estimates were evaluated by H-statistics. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation working group approach was used to assess evidence quality. Results: Sixty-two studies (nine studies in the maxilla and 53 studies in the mandible) were included in the meta-analysis. Increased mandibular pulpal anesthesia success was observed on premedication with aceclofenac + paracetamol or supplemental 4% articaine buccal infiltration or ibuprofen+paracetamol premedication, all the above mentioned with 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). No significant difference was noted for any of the agents investigated in terms of the success rate of maxillary pulpal anesthesia. Conclusion: Direct and indirect comparisons indicated that some combinations of IANB with premedication and/or supplemental infiltration had a greater chance of producing successful mandibular pulpal anesthesia. No ideal technique for maxillary anesthesia emerged. Randomized clinical trials with increased sample size may be needed to provide more conclusive data. Our findings suggest that further high-quality studies are required in order to provide definitive direction to clinicians regarding the best agents and techniques to use for mandibular and maxillary anesthesia for irreversible pulpitis.