• 생물정신의학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2020

Objectives Ketamine has been reported to have antidepressant effects or psychotomimetic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioral effects of ketamine treatment at various sub-anesthetic doses in adolescent and adult naïve mice. Methods In each experiment for adolescent and adult mice, a total of 60 male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, which were intraperitoneally treated with physiological saline, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg ketamine for consecutive 3 days. At 1 day after last injection, the locomotor and depressive-like behaviors were evaluated in mice, using open field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST), respectively. Results In case of adolescent mice, ketamine dose was negatively correlated with total distance traveled in the OFT (Spearman's rho = -0.27, p = 0.039). In case of adult mice, we found significant positive correlation between ketamine dose and duration of immobility in the FST (Spearman's rho = 0.45, p < 0.001). Immobility time in the 50 mg/kg ketamine-treated mice was significantly higher compared to the saline-treated mice (Dunnett's post-hoc test, p = 0.012). Conclusions We found that the repeated treatment with ketamine could decrease the locomotor or prolong the duration of immobility in mice as the dose of ketamine increased. Our findings suggest that sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine might induce schizophrenia-like negative symptoms but not antidepressant effects in naïve laboratory animals.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.352-360
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• 2013

Purpose: In this study an examination was done of the effects of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN) Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines on body temperature, shivering, thermal discomfort, and time to achieve normothermia in patients undergoing total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKRA) under spinal anesthesia. Methods: This study was an experimental study with a randomized controlled trial design. Participants (n=60) were patients who underwent TKRA between December 2011 and March 2012. Experimental group (n=30) received active and passive warming measures as described in the ASPAN's guidelines. Control group (n=30) received traditional care. Body temperature, shivering, thermal discomfort, time to achieve normothermia were measured in both groups at 30 minute intervals. Results: Experimental group had slightly higher body temperature compared to control group (p=.002). Thermal discomfort was higher in the experimental group before surgery but higher in the control group after surgery (p=.034). It decreased after surgery (p=.041) in both groups. Time to achieve normothermia was shorter in the experimental group (p=.010). Conclusion: ASPAN's guidelines provide guidance on measuring patient body temperature at regular intervals and on individualized and differentiated hypothermia management which can be very useful in nursing care, particularly in protecting patient safety and improving quality of nursing.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.194-197
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• 2005

그린 이구아나에서 medetomidine과 tiletamine/zolazepam의 병용마취효과를 알아보기 위하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. Medetomidine은 MZ50, MZ100 및 MZ150 군에서 각각 50, 100 및 150 ${\mu}g/kg$를 사용하였다. Tiletamine/zolazepam ($Zoletil^{(R)}$)은 모든 군에서 10 mg/kg을 적용하였다. 10마리의 건강한 이구아나 (420-490 g)를 2주 간격으로 3회 실험 하였다. 심박동수, 호습수 그리고 체온을 측정하였으며 righting reflex를 통해 마취 심도를 평가하였다. 모든 군에서 심박동수와 호흡수는 마취주사 5분 후에 유의성 있는 감소를 보였으며 (P<0.05) 30분 후에는 지속적으로 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구결과 medetomidine 100 ${\mu}g/kg$과 tiletamine/zolazepam 10 mg/kg의 병용이 그린이구아나에서 빠르고 안정적이며 효과적인 마취를 제공한다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2016

Background: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of lidocaine (LD) topical anesthetic spray against oral microflora. Methods: Antimicrobial effects of 10% LD spray were assessed against six bacterial cultures obtained from volunteers: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus sanguinis. The filter papers contained $50-{\mu}l$ LD, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, or 0.2% chlorhexidine. Papers were placed on the cultured blood plates for 1-3 min. After the papers were removed, plates were incubated for 24 h. Bacterial growth on the contact areas was recorded as the antimicrobial score. The split mouth technique was use in for sample collection in clinical study. Filter papers soaked with either BHI broth or LD were placed on the right or left buccal mucosa for 1 min, and replaced with other papers to imprint biofilms onto the contact areas. Papers were placed on blood plates, incubated for 24 h, and antimicrobial scores were determined. Experiments were conducted for 2- and 3-min exposure times with a 1-day washout period. Results: LD exhibited bactericidal effects against E. coli, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius within 1 min but displayed no effect against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and S. pyogenes. The antimicrobial effect of LD on oral microflora depended upon exposure time, similar to the results obtained from the clinical study (P < 0.05). LD showed 60-95% biofilm reduction on buccal mucosa. Conclusions: Antimicrobial activity of 10% LD topical anesthetic spray was increased by exposure time. The 3 min application reduced oral microflora in the buccal mucosa.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the permeability of lidocaine, percutaneous absorption studies were performed using excised hairless mouse skin and the penetration of lidocaine via the skin was determined. To increase the skin permeation of lidocine, the effects of $Labrasol^{(R)}$, $Labrafil^{(R)}$, $Labrafac^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were investigated. The skin permeation of lidocaine was increased when $Labrasol^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were used as permeation enhancer. To evaluate the influence of ultrasound, various factors such as application modes (continuous mode and pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 and 3.0 MHz) and intensity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 w/$cm^2$) were investigated with lidocaine hydrogel. The pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin permeation of lidocaine was observed at all ultrasound energy levels. The influence of frequency having an effect on skin permeation rate was higher in the case of using 1 MHz, 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and continuous treatment. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the permeation of lidocaine was accelerated. The in vivo anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as mechanical threshold and electrical threshold. Six healthy volunteers consented to the randomized, double-blind, and cross-over designed study in each group. In each subject, 3 groups were adapted such as K group (ultrasound with gel base only), L group (lidocaine gel) and B group (ultrasound with lidocaine gel). In conclusion, lidocaine was potent anesthetic which could be block pain threshold effectively. And ultrasound could accelerate the skin penetration of lidocaine. The phonophoretic delivery system could be a good candidate for lidocaine as a local anaesthetic to improve the skin permeation and in vivo anaesthetic effect.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2018

Pain control by means of local anesthesia is an intrinsic part of clinical practice in dentistry. Several studies evaluated intraligamental anesthesia using a computer-controlled anesthetic device in children. There is a need to provide a clinical guide for the use of computerized intraligamental anesthesia in children. Intraligamental anesthesia using a computer-controlled anesthetic device was found to cause significantly lower pain perception scores and lower pain-related behavior than traditional techniques. This device proven to be effective in restorative and pulp treatment in children; however, its effectiveness in primary teeth extraction is controversial. It is important to withdraw recommendations necessity of future studies concerning the side effects of computerized intraligamental anesthesia in children. The present study aims to review different clinical aspects of computerized intraligamental anesthesia in children along with the side-effects, type of local anesthesia and postoperative pain of this technique. This study provides dentists with a clinical guide for the use of computerized intraligamental anesthesia.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.431-437
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• 1996

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of TENS theory, 12 dental studensts of KyungPook National University and 18 prosthodontic patients were applied by 3M DENTAL ELECTRONIC ANESTHESIA and the follwing results were obtained: 1. Using the TENS theory to 12students, and EPT test was conducted and 6 students among total 12 students showed the anesthetic effects to the pain(p<0.05). 2. 15 prosthetically preparated patients show the anesthetic effects to the pain among total 18 patients.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.352-362
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• 1999

Thiopental sodium is known as ultrashort-acting barbiturates and can be employed advantageously for numerous conditions. But thiopental has the side effects of cardiovascular and respiratory systems which has barbiturates and are depend on the dose of thiopental. The side effects are reduced when the thiopental is preceded by a tranquilizer and sedative. In these drugs, benzodiazepines have the minimal effects of cardiovascular and respiratory systems. In this study, the effects of midazolam preanesthetic administration, followed by thiopental anesthetic induction, on cardiovascular system and thiopental induction requirement were studied in 14 mixed breed dogs. Cardiovascular data were recorded baseline, after premedication of saline 0.45 ml/kg or midazolam 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg/kg, intubation, and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 minutes after intubation. Extubation, head-up, sternal recombency, standing, and walking recovery times were recorded. The results were summarized as follows; (1) The 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg dosages of midazolam insignificantly decreased thiopental dose requirement necessary to accomplish intubation by 6, 20, 21 and 28%. (2) The 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg dosages of midazolam insignificantly reduced the times of extubation, head-up, sternal recumbency, standing, and walking recovery. (3) Midazolam was effective in reducing the frequency and duration of arrhythmia after intubation. (4) Heart rates of preanestheic midazolam administraion groups increased after thiopental injection which insignificantly changed smaller than those of control group. (5) Arterial blood pressures did not vary significantly among groups.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2000년도 NEW STRATEGY FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN POST-GENOMIC ERA(대한약학회)
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• pp.263.3-264
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• 2000

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.330-335
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• 2010

이 연구의 목적은 돼지에 있어서 zoletil/midazolam (TZM)과 zoletil/xylazine (TZX)의 2가지 병용마취를 사용하였을 때의 마취효과와 심혈관계 및 호흡에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 실시하였다. 총 8 마리의 Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire 교잡종 돼지 ($25.3{\pm}3.3\;kg$)를 사용하였으며, 각 군마다 4 마리씩 2개 군으로 실험을 실시하였다. 첫 번째 군은 xylazine과 tiletamine/zolazepam을 2 mg/kg 용량으로 근육 내 주사하였고(TZX군), 2번째 군은 midazolam 0.5 mg/kg의 용량을 정맥 내 주사 하고 tiletamine/zolazepam 2 mg/kg 용량으로 근육 내 주사하였다(TZM군). 마취시간에 대한 평가로 induction time, anesthesia time과 standing time을 각 돼지마다 측정하였으며, 마취효과에 대한 평가로 진정, 진통, 근 이완, 자세 그리고 청각반응을 점수화 하여 매 15분마다 측정하였다. 심폐기능에 대한 평가로 심박동수와 동맥혈압, 호흡수, 직장체온을 마취 전, 마취직후, 마취 후 5분, 15분, 30분, 45분 및 60분에 각각 측정하였고, 동맥혈 가스 분석을 동일시간대에 실시하였다. 실험 결과 모든 돼지에서의 마취는 성공적이었다. 2가지 병용마취 모두 부드러운 마취 유도와 적절한 운동억제 효과를 보였으나 마취효과점수에서는 TZM군이 TZX군보다 우수하였으며, TZM군이 TZX군 보다 심폐기능 및 체온에 미치는 영향이 적으며 안정적인 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로, TZM군은 TZX군에 비하여 더욱 양호한 마취효과를 보였으며, 심폐기능에 미치는 영향은 보다 적게 나타내었다.