• Journal of Species Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 2021

Saussurea albifolia, a new species, is reported from the Baekdudaegan Mountains. It has distinctive morphological characteristics that distinguish it from other congeneric species of Saussurea in Korea; radical leaves persist or withered till flowering, white tomentose leaf beneath, campanulate involucre with brown-cobwebby hairs, and dark purplish phyllaries with acuminate tips. Saussurea albifolia is a new, endemic species, narrowly restricted to the Korean Peninsula as a consequence of adaptation to alpine or subalpine environments of the Baekdudaegan Area. Among the Korean species of Saussurea, S. gracilis Maxim., S. insularis Kitam., and S. seoulensis Nakai are morphologically similar to S. albifolia by having leaves with white hairs beneath and persistent radical leaves during blooming period. It has been well understood that Saussurea is one of the highly diversified and adaptable groups in Asteraceae and also that the currently recognized species in Korea likely significant underestimates its diversity on the Korean Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.319-325
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• 2010

3-D IC integration enables the smallest form factor and highest performance due to the shortest and most plentiful interconnects between chips. Direct metal bonding has several advantages over the solder-based bonding, including lower electrical resistivity, better electromigration resistance and more reduced interconnect RC delay, while high process temperature is one of the major bottlenecks of metal direct bonding because it can negatively influence device reliability and manufacturing yield. We performed quantitative analyses of the interfacial properties of Al-Al bonds with varying process parameters, bonding temperature, bonding time, and bonding environment. A 4-point bending method was used to measure the interfacial adhesion energy. The quantitative interfacial adhesion energy measured by a 4-point bending test shows 1.33, 2.25, and $6.44\;J/m^2$ for 400, 450, and $500^{\circ}C$, respectively, in a $N_2$ atmosphere. Increasing the bonding time from 1 to 4 hrs enhanced the interfacial fracture toughness while the effects of forming gas were negligible, which were correlated to the bonding interface analysis results. XPS depth analysis results on the delaminated interfaces showed that the relative area fraction of aluminum oxide to the pure aluminum phase near the bonding surfaces match well the variations of interfacial adhesion energies with bonding process conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.485-495
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• 2013

As rural life has shifted with the long term changes in the internal and external conditions of rural communities, this study aims to investigate the living conditions and life satisfaction of rural women. 70 questionnaires in health, clothing, food, shelter, economic conditions and child-rearing fields were used for a survey of 393 rural women from five rural areas in the northern region of Gyeongsangbuk-Do. Statistical techniques of frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test and regression analysis were employed through 'SPSS Statistics 21'. Participants were divided into 3 groups, with Group A with income less than 15 million won, Group B with income of at least 15 million won and less than 30 million won, and Group C with at least 30 million won. For the life satisfaction and health conditions, Group C showed higher scores than Group A. The food security status of rural women in the research area was worse than that in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and food consumption by Group C was higher than that of Group A and Group B. For the satisfaction of kitchen, bathroom facilities and heating system, the income of 15 million won seemed to be the divisive value where richer groups were more satisfied. Job satisfaction seemed more related with the income amount rather than with the job itself. The parenting efficacy and child-rearing satisfaction were higher for Group C than for Group A. Determinants of life satisfaction turned out to be health conditions, heat susceptibility, fruit consumption, kitchen unit satisfaction, job satisfaction and parenting efficacy.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1085-1099
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• 2019

We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in characteristics and pollution assessment of sediments in the watersheds of Andong-Dam and Imha-Dam, in Korea. Surface sediments were collected from six sites once a year for three years (2015-2017), and analyzed for organic matter (water content, IL, COD, TOC, TN, and TP), grain size, and concentration of trace metals (Al, Li, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and As). Organic matter generally tended to increase, and was higher in the Andong watershed compare to Imha watershed. Surface sediments were mainly composed of silt. Coarse sediments were mainly distributed at the site adjacent to Andong-Dam, and showed fining after coarsening. Fine sediment were mainly distributed at the site adjacent to Imha-Dam, and were gradually coarsening. Concentration of trace metals generally tended to increase, and was higher for sites in watershed of Andong watershed (PLI > 1) than for sites in Imha watershed (PLI < 1). Trace metals in the study area were considered to be affected by fine sediment (silt), and contamination of trace metals was somewhat affected by Pb, and greatly affected by Zn and As.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.743-746
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• 2008

Recently, due to the effect of global warming and extreme rainfall, the magnitude of flood disaster and the frequency of flood is rapidly increasing. In order to mitigate the damage of human and property from this kind of meteorological phenomenon and manage water resources scientifically, effective operation of dam and reservoir is very important. In case of Andong dam which was not performed a flood control function needs to develop new types of dam safety management measure because of recent extraordinary flood by typhoons. In case of Andong dam and Imha dam, I am using HEC-5 model in order to apply reservoir simulation. In this case, complex conditions among 100-year floods , 200-year floods and PMF was used. Also, I modified the maximum outflow 3,800m3/s into 3,490m3/s and applied this modified discharge in order to secure freeboard in the downstream. In an analysis that I applied modified outflow by 100-year floods and 200-year floods to, the result showed that river didn't overflow in Andong area but some other places have relatively low freeboard. In the cases that I modified maximum outflow, results showed that freeboard of levee is larger than existed simulation. In the simulation that I applied 200-year floods and PMF to and under a condition connected with PMF, results showed overflowing the levees. Because of the difference between the frequency of dam outflow and the design flood in river, it is required to improve the existed flood plan in the downstream of Andong dam. As a result of this study, the optimal operation of reservoir systems can be proposed to mitigate the flood damage in the downstream of Andong dam and also can be used to establish the flood plans.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.2D
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• pp.341-347
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• 2006

Geographically Imha basin is adjacent to Andong basin, but the occurrence of turbid water in each reservoir by storm events shows big differences. Hence, it is very important to identify the reason for these large differences. This study compared and analyzed soil erosion using the semi-empirical soil erosion model, RUSLE for both Imha and Andong basin, especially with emphasis on high-density turbid water. The agricultural district, which is the most vulnerable to soil erosion, was intensively analyzed based on land cover map produced by Ministry of Environment. As a result, the portion of the agricultural area is 11.88% for Andong basin, while it is 14.95% for Imha basin. Also all RUSLE factors excepts practice factor turned out to be higher for Imha basin. This means that the basin characteristics such as soil texture, terrain, and land cover for Imha basin is more vulnerable to soil erosion. Estimation of soil erosion by RUSLE for Andong and Imha basin is 1,275,806 ton and 1,501,608 ton, respectively, showing higher soil erosion by 225,802 ton for Imha basin.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.99-114
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• 2010

This study was carried out to clarify the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness at Gallasan of Andong-si in Gyeongbuk (596.2 m, N $36^{\circ}29'396"{\sim}36^{\circ}29'356"$, E $128^{\circ}43'841"{\sim}128^{\circ}45'799"$). The vascular plants collected 13 times (April 2006 to August 2009) were consisted of total 424 taxa; 92 families, 273 genera, 365 species, 2 subspecies, 47 varieties and 10 forms. Among them, edible, medicinal, industrial, ornamental and unknown of usefulness plants were 239 taxa, 291 taxa, 109 taxa, 135 taxa, 24 taxa, respectively. Korean endemic plants of this area were 9 taxa, and Law-protected plants by Ministry of Environment were 2 taxa, and the special plants species based on floral region by Ministry of Environment were 7 taxa in grade III category, 1 taxa in grade IV category, 5 taxa in grade V category, rare plants were 1 taxon in critically endangered (CR), 3 taxa endangered species (EN), 2 taxa vulnerable (VU), the naturalized plants were 23 taxa.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2011

This study was conducted for searching the functional feeding groups, and community stability of the macroinvertebrate on forest fire area of Uljin-gun. The samples were collected from 2 sites of control area and 2 sites of experimental area during 2007 to 2009. The identified species were 89 belonged to 47 families, 16 order, 6 class, and 4 phylum in control area. And 84 belonged to 43 families, 16 order, 6 class, and 4 phylum were identified in experimental area. As a result of changes in species and individuals of E.P.T. taxa investigated in experimental area by year, Ephemeroptera was 21 species, $2,434.6inds./m^2$, Plecoptera was 3 species, $199.8inds./m^2$, and Trichoptera 14 species, $540.2inds./m^2$ in 2007. And in 2009, Ephemeroptera was 9 species, $296inds./m^2$, Trichoptera was 4 species, $44.4inds./m^2$, and Plecoptera was none, showing that species and individuals belonging to E.P.T. taxa decrease rapidly every year. Community analysis by year, in 2008 when the water system started to be influenced by the fire directly, it showed a trend that H' and RI decreased in the experimental area. Functional feeding group by year, it showed a trend that species and individuals of GC type which is a functional group picking up and eating FPOM (fine particulate organic matter) from deposits in the bottom of water or benthic areas and performs an important function of material circulation in ecosystem decrease every year. Community stability by year, an environment of water system in forest fire area started to be somewhat destroyed, from 2008, it is shown that both species in I area which have great ability of resistance and recovery and species in III area which live in relatively stable water system decreased a little.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.445-453
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• 2007

The purposes of this study lie on understanding characteristic water-rock interaction mechanisms of groundwater in the Geochang, Hapcheon, and Changryeong areas and establishing correlation between geological factors and groundwater chemistry by statistical tools. Based on the statistical results from the relationship between rock types and groundwater chemistry, fluorine is correlated with Fe and Al in the diorite area, whereas it is correlated with Cl and $NO_3-N$ in the andesite area. Hardness, total solids, and $SO_4$ show that they are closely related to each other in all rock types, especially with highest relationship in sedimentary rocks. Although it is generally acknowledged that TDS increases with depths of aquifer due to the long term water-rock interaction, no remarkable relationship between well depth and water chemistry is found in this study. It appears that hydrogeological system in the study area may be complex or the path of water-rock interaction is inconsistent with well depth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.439-454
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• 1996

The present study investigated Bul-Chun-Wi Sacrificial Ritual (sacrificial service which has been handed down from generation to generation to worship the family ancestors in the period of $1400{\sim}1800$) and foods for the sacrificial service among fourteen head families in Andong area. The findings are as follows; 1. In Bul-Chun-Wi Sacrificial Rituals, family shrine has been maintained in good shape, and the table, dishes, and foods used in the rituals have not been changed so much until these days. 2. While vegetable soup is widely used as soup, one family uses the seaweed soup, the other soup mixed with meat, fish, and vegetable. Specially soybean-powdered soup, which is the distinguishable food in Andong area, has been used. 3. As a basic Ddock, mainly Si-Ru-Ddock(a steamed rice cake), piled up to 13-15 stacks, is used. Additional 7-9 kinds of Ddock are placed on top of the basic Ddock. 4. For grilled-meat food(Geuck), eight families use the raw meat, and one family uses the half-cooked meat. Recently, five families have used the cooked meat. Mostly used ones are meat-Geuck, fish-Geuck, chicken-Geuck, and the Geuck are not served one by one. Instead the Geuck are stacked in one dish designed for Geuck in order of meats from poultry, animal, fish, and shell. As the sub-dishes for rice, raw and cooked Geuck are used. 5. The number of stew (Tang) are 3 to 6 and 5 stews is the most popular. Commonly used stews are meat stew, fish stew, chicken stew, vegetable stew, blood stew, and organs stew. For the vegetable stew, buckwheat gel can be used. 6. As the fruit, chinese date, pear, nut and dried persimmons are the basic ones. The even number of 6 or 8 colorful fruits are used, while the odd number of 7 or 9 colorful fruits are used in three head families. 7. As Sik-Hae which is a drink and made from fermented rice, rice Sik-Hae or fish Sik-Hae has been necessarily used. 8. As raw meat dish, the liver of cow or meat is used. As a wrapping materials, the reticulum of a ruminant, green seaweed or thinly fried egg can be used.