• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2017

A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood Thuja orientalis L., diffuse-porous wood Gmelina arborea Roxb., and ring-porous wood Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Longitudinal flow was considered from bottom to top while the radial flow was considered from bark to pith directions. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents(MC). The variation of penetration speed for different species was observed and the reasons behind for this variation were explored. The highest radial penetration depth was found in ray parenchyma of T. orientalis but the lowest one was found in ray parenchyma of P. amurense. The average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal trachied of T. orientalis was found the highest among all the other cells. The penetration depth in fiber of G. arborea was found the lowest among the other longitudinal cells. It was found that cell dimension and also meniscus angle of safranine solution with cell walls were the prime factors for the variation of liquid flow speed in wood. Vessel was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration for hardwood species. The penetration depth in vessel of G. arborea was found highest among all vessels. Anatomical features like ray parenchyma cell length and diameter, end-wall pits number were found also responsible fluid flow differences. Initially liquid penetration speed was high and the nit gradually decreased in an uneven rate. Liquid flow was captured via video and the penetration depths in those cells were measured. It was found that even in presence of abundant rays in hardwood species, penetration depth of liquid in radial direction of softwood species was found high. Herein the ray length, lumen area, end wall pit diameter determined the radial permeability. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Following a go-stop-go cycle, the penetration speed of a liquid decreased over time.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2019

To understand the characteristics of paralytic shellfish poisoning in a major production area of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians in Korea, the seasonal variation and anatomical distribution of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) were determined in bay scallops collected from the Gyeongnam coast of Korea from March to May 2018. PST levels in bay scallops in the survey area showed remarkable seasonal variation. PST was first detected at a level of 0.42 mg/kg on April 2, 2018, and the highest toxin level (3.15 mg/kg) was recorded on April 12. Among the tissues of bay scallops, the highest proportion of PST was found in the viscera ($54.9%{\pm}17.8%$), followed by the adductor ($22.8%{\pm}10.9%$), gonads ($8.9%{\pm}4.6%$), gills ($7.1%{\pm}3.7%$), and mantle ($6.3%{\pm}.8%$). In addition, with higher PST levels in the whole tissues of bay scallops, the proportion of PST in the viscera increased, whereas those in the mantle, gill, and gonad tissues decreased. In a high-toxicity group with more than 2.0 mg/kg PST in the whole tissues, the proportion of PST in the viscera was $71.8%{\pm}6.7%$.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation which based on Celiac axis and SMA using by CT volume rendering images. 613 patients underwent abdominal CTA, there were 552 patients (99.05%, TypeI, II) with normal anatomical form and 61 (9.95%, Type III~XII) with variation. TypeI was 339(55.31%), Type II was 213 (34.74%), Type III was 18 (2.93%), Type IV was 12 patients (1.95%), Type V was 11 patient (1.79%), Type VI was 9 patients (1.46%), Type VII was 6 patients (0.97%), Type VIII was 1 patient (0.16%), Type IX was 1 patient (0.16%), Type X was 1 patient (0.16%), Type XI was 1 patient (0.16%), and Type XII was 1 patient (0.16%) into totally new types of variation. In conclusion, we could found 9 new types of variation by classifying based on celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery. These results were considered to be an important opportunity for a new vessel map.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.104-111
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• 2019

Purpose: Online magnetic resonance-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART), an emerging technique, is used to address the change in anatomical structures, such as treatment target region, during the treatment period. However, the electron density map used for dose calculation differs from that for daily treatment, owing to the variation in organ location and, notably, air pockets. In this study, we evaluate the dosimetric effect of electron density override on air pockets during online ART for pancreatic cancer cases. Methods: Five pancreatic cancer patients, who were treated with MRgART at the Seoul National University Hospital, were enrolled in the study. Intensity modulated radiation therapy plans were generated for each patient with 60Co beams on a ViewrayTM system, with a 45 Gy prescription dose for stereotactic body radiation therapy. During the treatment, the electron density map was modified based on the daily MR image. We recalculated the dose distribution on the plan, and the dosimetric parameters were obtained from the dose volume histograms of the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk. Results: The average dose difference in the PTV was 0.86Gy, and the observed difference at the maximum dose was up to 2.07 Gy. The variation in air pockets during treatment resulted in an under- or overdose in the PTV. Conclusions: We recommend the re-contouring of the air pockets to deliver an accurate radiation dose to the target in MRgART, even though it is a time-consuming method.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2013

The genus Actinidia has been recorded as having total six taxa, composed of four species and two varieties, in Korea. However, its taxonomy remains complex because of disagreement on taxonomic characters used for species boundaries. Based upon morphological, anatomical, and palynological characters, we re-evaluated species delimitations in the genus Actinidia. Critical observation of wild populations and extensive herbarium materials including types were also carried out. It is generally considered that leaf thickness and shape, hair type and color were important diagnostic characters to identify species, but these characters were insufficient to be diagnostic characters because of their wide variation ranges. On the other hands, pith pattern, winter bud protrusion rate, scale leaf number, anther color, fruit shape, and maturity season were taxonomic significance. A. arguta var. platyphylla and A. arguta var. rufinervis have been identified by hair type and color, but these characters showed continuous variation in A. arguta. Therefore, two varieties are treated as synonyms of A. arguta. Consequently four species are recognized in Korea: A. polygama, A. kolomikta, A. rufa, and A. arguta. A key is provided, as well as complete descriptions of the species examined, including information on nomenclatural types, and synonymies.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.487-490
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• 2008

Purpose: The latissimus dorsi flap and the serratus anterior flap have been used as combined flaps to reconstruct extensive defects. Because these two muscles are usually supplied by the subscapular-thoracodorsal vessels, the two flaps can be based on vascular pedicle that is long and anatomically reliable. In this case, we reported that serratus anterior possessed an anomalous arterial supply totally independent from the subscapular pedicle while raising combined latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior flap. Methods: A 35-year-old male with extensive soft tissue defect in the left perineum and thigh visited. Muscle defects of the medial thigh were observed, and femoral nerve and vessels were exposed. Combined latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior free flap was raised to reconstruct defect. On raising flaps, artery supplying the serratus anterior muscle originated from the axillary artery directly, was lying on the undersurface of the serratus anterior muscle. Results: Because two flap pedicles had no communication and latissimus dorsi muscle was large enough to cover soft tissue defect, we transferred only latissimus dorsi free flap with 1 : 3 meshed skin graft. Patient had limb salvage and satisfactory functional outcome. Conclusion: There are many variations of arterial pedicles of flaps. However, most of these variations remain within known anatomical consistence, thus is an indicator in planning the dissection of the vessels. According to documents, arterial pedicle to the serratus muscle not originated from the thoracodorsal artery is rarely reported, and in most of these cases, the arteries are originated from the subscapular artery. Thus pedicle directly originated from the axillary artery to serratus muscle is a very rare variation in its vascular anatomy.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2016

Purpose: Sufficient area in the interforaminal region is required for dental implant placement, and the anterior loop of the mandibular canal is located within the limits of this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and extent of the anterior loop in a Brazilian sample population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. Results: An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, $1.1{\pm}0.8mm$). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). Conclusion: In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation, safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and preserve the neurovascular bundles.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2006

The characteristics of Peyssonnelia capensis Montagne (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta) from Jeju Island were investigated in order to clarify the species entity and re-evaluate taxonomic position. The morphological variations of the Peyssonnelia capensis from Jeju Island were divided into two types, the thin thallus type and the thick thallus type. The thin thallus type is characterized by thin, soft, orbicular, slightly lobed thallus with entire to undulate margin, and compact rhizoids. The thick thallus type has thick and stiff thallus with sinuate margin and scattered rhizoids, and has more branches than the thin thallus type. The basal layer and the epithallium of thin thallus type are similar to those of thick thallus types in their structure. However, the hypothallial cells of the thick thallus type are longer than those of the thin thallus type. The erect filament of thick thallus type has more cells than those of the thin thallus type. Tetrasporangial nemathecia are distinctly protruded. Mature tetrasporangia of this species are divided cruciately into four spores as those of other Peyssonneliaceae. In addition to their morphological and anatomical distinctness between two types, the nucleotide sequence analyses of SSU and ITS2 region make no differences among populations from Jeju and other localities in Korea. Therefore these two morphological variation may not base on genetic variation.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.84-87
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• 1999

The Buford complex is unusual variant of the glenohumeral joint. This complex is distinguished by a cord-like middle glenohumeral ligament that oriented directly form the superior labrum at the base of the biceps tendon and crosses the subscapularis tendon to insert on the humerus. There is no anterior-superior labral tissue present between this attachment and the mid-glenoid notch. This anatomical variation may lead the surgeon to confuse this complex with a sublabral hole, pathologic labral detachment, Bankart lesion or SLAP lesion. We report a case of Buford complex which was found incidentally during the operation of impingement syndrome with stiffness and treated with subacromial decompression only.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.226-229
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• 2006

The interforaminal region is usually considered as a safe region in the chin bone graft without important vital anatomical structures to be damaged. But the accurate anatomy of the interforaminal region, with its potential clinical relationships, is controversial. Moreover some complications suggesting damage of incisive terminal branches after chin bone harvesting are reported such as sensory discomfort and pain etc. In order to verify incisive innervation of symphyseal area, we examined the cross-sectional CT scan images taken for preoperative planning of implant placement with chin bone graft and some parameters were measured; (1) visuality rating of incisive canal (2) vertical and horizontal diameter of canal (3) distance from lower border of the incisive canal to the lower border of the mandible (4) shortest distance from anterior border of the incisive canal to the anterior border of the mandible. We report the positive outcome that decrease the complications related with the damages of incisive branch during bone harvesting from the chin.