• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.372-380
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out in order to closely examine the influence of fertilization upon growth in container of seedling in indeciduous Quercus species (Q. mysinaefolia, Q. acuta and Q. glauca). METHODS AND RESULTS: Fertilizer level was made by adjusting water soluble compound fertilizer (N:P:K=19: 19:19, v/v) to 1000, 2000, $3000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ level along with non-fertilizing plot. Fertilization increased height, root collar diameter growth, and dry weight in these three species of trees. The more increase in fertilizer level led to the more rise even in growth of these species. H/D ratio and T/R ratio also showed tendency of getting bigger in the more rise in fertilizer level. Photosynthetic rate was shown to get higher in the higher fertilizer level according to fertilization in all the three species. In the analysis of root morphological traits, the total root length was surveyed to be longer in the more rise in fertilizer concentration. As even a case of root project area, surface area, and root volume is the similar tendency to characteristics in the total root length, a rise depending on fertilization was observed. CONCLUSION: In light of the results in this experiment, the fertilizer level is judged to be $2000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ level that is proper for production of 1-year-old container seedling in indeciduous Quercus species with excellent root development and high seedling quality index.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.157-169
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.373-380
• /
• 1999

The Byokryon-Daejangbong valley forest in Keumsan area at Hallyo-Haesang National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 200m to 650m and part of the slope. Density, mean DBH, and basal area of the canopy trees were 820~1873trees/ha, 10.7~14.6cm, and 17.7~22.2$\m^2$/ha, respectively. With increasing elevation mean DBH and basal area of tree stratum increased while density of tree stratum decreased. As elevation increased the importance values of Quercus mongolioa, Styrax japonica, Acer pseudo-sieboldiannum, and Sorbus alnifolia increased while those of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Prunus sargentii, Cornus kousa, and Eurya japonica decreased. The importance values of Fraxinus sieboldiana, Quercus variabilis, and Sorbus alnifolia increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance values of Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, and Zelkova serrata, With incresing elevation number of species, species diversity, and evenness incresed and it was suggested that man interference was relatively severe. The range of similarity indices between elevation belts and between parts of the slope were 42.0~71.8% and 74.8~76.8%, respectively. According to importance values and cluster analysis, the studied valley forest was classified into four forest communities of Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community in low elevation belt, Carpinus laxiflora-deciduous tree species community in high elevation belt and lower and middle parts at middle elevation belt, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus laxiflora community in upper part at middle elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community in top area. There were significantly positive correlation among Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Eurya japonica and among Carpinus laxiflora, Zelkova serrata, and Cornus walteri.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.110 no.3
• /
• pp.393-405
• /
• 2021

With increasing anthropogenic emission sources, air pollutants are emerging as a severe environmental problem worldwide. Accordingly, the importance of landscape trees is emerging as a potential solution to reduce air pollutants, especially in urban areas. This study quantified and compared NO₂ and SO₂ reduction abilities of ten major landscape tree species and analyzed the relationship between reduction ability and physiological and morphological characteristics. The results showed NO₂ reduction per leaf area was greatest in Cornus officinalis (19.81 ± 3.84 ng cm^-2 hr^-1) and lowest in Pinus strobus (1.51 ± 0.81 ng cm^-2 hr^-1). In addition, NO₂ reduction by broadleaf species (14.72 ± 1.32 ng cm^-2 hr^-1) was 3.1-times greater than needleleaf species (4.68 ± 1.26 ng cm^-2hr^-1; P < 0.001). Further, SO₂ reduction per leaf area was greatest in Zelkova serrata (70.04 ± 7.74 ng cm^-2 hr^-1) and lowest in Pinus strobus (4.79 ± 1.02 ng cm^-2 hr^-1). Similarly, SO₂ reduction by broadleaf species (44.21 ± 5.01 ng cm^-2 hr^-1) was 3.9-times greater than needleleaf species (11.47 ± 3.03 ng cm^-2 hr^-1; P < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed differences in NO₂ reduction was best explained by chlorophyll b content (R² = 0.671, P = 0.003) and SO₂ reduction was best described by SLA and length of margin per leaf area (R² = 0.456, P = 0.032 and R² = 0.437, P = 0.001, R² = 0.872, P < 0.001, respectively). In summary, the ability of trees to reduce air pollutants was related to photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf thickness. These findings highlight effective reduction of air pollutants by landscaping trees requires comprehensively analyzing physiological and morphological species characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.344-356
• /
• 2013

This study is a continuation of the 22 year consecutive study (1972~1993) to monitor community dynamics of forest in Mt. Kwanak. This study was intended to provide basic data for urban forest management in the future by analyzing actual changes in vegetation structure of forest in Mt. Kwanak caused by urban environmental changes. For the past 39 years (1972~2010), average temperature increased by approximate between 1.1 and $1.7^{\circ}C$ and soil acidification (pH $5.40{\rightarrow}4.50$) and contents of $K^+$ ($0.67{\rightarrow}0.25$) and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($3.20{\rightarrow}0.87$) apparently tended to decrease. According to analysis importance percentage and DBH class of community types classified based on DCA, the succession stopped at Quercus mongolica for 39 years. In addition, the succession was expected to be held at Q. mongolica or to shift from Pinus densiflora to Q. mongolica and from Q. acutissima to Q. serrata. Size of trees growing in forest of Mt. Kwanak increased but the number of species and population of trees showed a downward trend for the 39 years and Styrax japonica and Sorbus alnifolia, which are indicator species, increased their dominance continuously. Decrease in contents of $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, and $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and soil acidification for the past 39 years was found to affect degradation of vegetation structure in Mt. Kwanak.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.550-560
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to research spatial diffusion, a condition for spread of Ailanthus altissima, and conduct flora analysis to provide useful information for management of it. Three research spots where the community dominance value was found to be high and habitat was homogeneous according to a 2010 in-depth species study were selected, and census was conducted using a line-transect method. The diffusion area included 1,435 $m^2$ in Yangpyeong, 1,118 $m^2$ in Gimcheon and 760 $m^2$ in Sancheong, in order of increasing size, and a total of 510 trees were found to be randomly diffused in space. An average of 83.2% of Ailanthus altissima were found to be included in DBH classes I (1.0-3.4 cm) and II (3.5-6.4 cm), showing that young trees were dominant in Ailanthus altissima communities and there was an age diffusion pattern according to degree of disturbance in habitats. A total of 41 families 75 genera and 91 species of flora made up the list, and Therophytes were most widely found in all of the three areas. This shows that habitats in these areas have recently been disturbed. It was evaluated that elimination of roadside population and mountainous area population was necessary to prevent diffusion of Ailanthus altissima.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2017

In May 2016, 24 peach samples showing abnormal and virus like symptoms were collected in one of major peach producing area, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. We performed RT-PCR diagnosis for confirmation of viral infection. The diagnostic targets are 17 species of viruses and viroids that quarantine and high risk pathogens when it occur. As a results, seven species of viruses and viroids, including an unreported (Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus, APCLSV) and a quarantine (Peach latent mosaic viroid, PLMVd) species in Korea, were detected. For the sequence analysis of unreported virus, APCLSV, the sequence of coat protein gene were amplified and cloned. The sequence showed 97% nucleotide identity with other APCLSV isolates and compared with other seven species of reported Trichoviruses. This virus was classified as APCLSV based on the sequence and phylogenetic analysis. This isolate was named Yeongcheon. As patterns of APCLSV occurrence, all samples that APCLSV detected were co-infected with Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). As properties of ACLSV, APCLSV has high possibility of wide spread disease in fruit tree farms in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to do related researches, such as infection route and influence of disease in commercial orchards.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2009

The process of biodegradation in lingo-cellulosic materials is critically relevant to biospheric carbon. The study of this natural process has largely involved laboratory investigations, focused primarily on the biodegradation and recycling of agricultural by-products, generally using basidiomycetes species. In order to collect super white rot fungi and evaluate its ability to degrade lingo-cellulosic material, 35 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye. In the laccase enzymatic analysis chemical test, 33 white rot fungi and 2 brown rot fungi were identified. The degradation ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) according to the utilized environmental conditions was higher in the mushrooms grown in dead trees and fallen leaves than in the mushrooms grown in humus soil and livestock manure. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAH-degradation activity of the identified strains, four strains, including Agrocybe pediades, were selected. The activities of laccase, MnP, and Lip of the four strains with PAH-degrading ability were highest in Pleurotus incarnates. 87 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye on solid media. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAHdegrading activity of the identified strains, it was determined that MKACC 51632 and 52492 strains evidenced superior activity in static and shaken liquid cultures. Subsequent screening on plates containing the polymeric dye poly R-478, the decolorization of which is correlated with lignin degradation, resulted in the selection of a strain of Coriolus versicolor, MKACC52492, for further study, primarily due to its rapid growth rate and profound ability to decolorize poly R-478 on solid media. Considering our findings using Poly-R 478 dye to evaluate the PAH-degrading activity of the identified strains, Coriolus versicolor, MKACC 52492 was selected as a favorable strain. Coriolus versicolor, which was collected from Mt. Yeogi in Suwon, was studied for the production of the lignin-modifying enzymes laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.117-131
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities(Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area($105,472m^2$). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(?腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area($84,029m^2$) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area($21,443m^2$). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were $4{\sim}6trees/100m^2$ and their average diameter was 7.1cm. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.69-80
• /
• 2001

Larix kaemferi Carr. is one of main timber species in Korea that could be found in plantations and growing stands on all over the country The proper practice of thinning is one of very important techiques in silviculture, which greatly affects the quality and size of timber produced. Proper thinning period is considered to be important for maintaining stand growth before competition initiated. To investigate suitable thinning period, this study investigates the volume and radial growths of Larix kaemferi plantation in Mt. Worak located in the central part of Korea. The main findings and conclusions obtained from this study were as follow ; (1) The tree height curve equation for Larix kaemferi in Mt. Worak was calculated H=4.25783+0.80024D(H=Tree height, D=DBH). (2) To estimate tree volume for Larix kaemferi by DBH and tree height or only by DBH, regression equations were calculated as V=0.00147-0.002095D-0.000211H+0.00015D.H++$0.000744D^2$+$0.000008H^2$(V=Volume(($m^3$), H=Tree height(m), D=DBH(cm)), V=0.0000794-0.000512D+$0.000826D^2$. (3) The criteria of estimating thinning time of Larix kaemferi are the age when maximum tree height-MAI(mean annual increment) obtained and the age when annual DBH increments of dead trees decrease to below average. (4) The age of maximum tree height MAI was not significantly correlated with stocking. Therefore, it can not be used as a criterion for estimating thinning time of Larix kaemferi (5) The estimated thinning time equation of Larix kaemferi was obtained by regression analysis of the disk section collected from dead trees. The obtained equation is Y=0.2825+0.01752X(Y=Desirable thinning age, X=the sum total of nearest 4-trees interval(cm)). (6) General estimated thinning age of Larix kaemferi, which planted 3,086 stocks/ha, is concluded as 12 to 14 year.