• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.793-799
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• 2016

This study examined Platanus orientalis and Ulmus davidiana planted in downtown parks to identify the correlations among microclimatic factors such as temperature in the crown, air flow, and wind speed. For the field survey, measurements were taken at 1 hour intervals from 09:00 am to 06:00 pm in August. For the measurement of microclimatic factors, data on temperature, light intensity, air flow, and wind speed were collected using a quantum sensor (PAR Quantum Sensor SKP215), a precision thermometer (Pt1000-Sensor), and a combination anemometer (1467 G4 & HG4). The results of the analysis demonstrated that both Platanus orientalis and Ulmus davidiana, showed a greater cooling effect inside the crown as compared with the outside temperature. The cooling effect inside the crown was more evident with air flow and wind speed factors. With relation to wind, the inner temperature of the crown of Platanus orientalis decreased due to air flow while that of Ulmus davidiana decreased due to wind speed. With no wind, the average variation in temperature inside the crown was $-0.9^{\circ}C$ for Ulmus davidiana and $-0.958^{\circ}C$ for Platanus orientalis, indicating that Platanus orientalis was relatively more effective in lowering the temperature of the planting space than Ulmus davidiana. This study is significant because it shows that different tree species have different effects on the microclimate and that factors affecting the formation of the microclimate of trees may vary with species. Further studies on species other than broad leaf trees, such as evergreen trees and shrubs, are required in order to plan the distribution of landscaping trees that are effective in regulating the microclimate within urban green spaces.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1161-1161
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• 2001

Rapid cost-effective methods of measuring wood quality are extremely important to tree improvement programs where it is necessary to test large numbers of trees. Non-destructive sampling of a forest can be achieved by using increment cores generally removed at breast height. At CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products methods for the rapid, non-destructive measurement of wood properties and wood chemistry based on increment core samples have been developed. In this paper the application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the prediction of a range solid wood properties, including density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity (E$\sub$L/) and microfibril angle (MFA), is described. Experiments conducted on individual species (Eucalyptus delegatensis and Pinus radiata), the two species combined and a number of mixed species from several genera are reported. NIR spectra were obtained from the radial/longitudinal face of each sample and used to develop calibrations for the measured physical properties. When the individual species were used the relationships between laboratory determined data and NIR fitted data were good in all cases. Coefficients of determination (R$^2$) ranging from 0.77 for MFA to 0.93 for stick density were obtained for E. delegatensis and R$^2$ ranging from 0.68 for MFA to 0.94 for strip density were obtained for P. radiata. The calibration statistics for the combined E. delegatensis and P. radiata samples were similar to those found for the individual species. As these results indicated that it might be possible to produce general calibrations based on samples from a number of species of a single genus or samples from a number of different genera, a wide range of species was subsequently tested. Good relationships were obtained for both density and E$\sub$L/. These calibrations had R$^2$ that were slightly lower than those determined using individual species and standard errors that were higher. The mixed species calibrations, when applied to the E. delegatensis and P. radiata sample sets, provided good estimates of density (stick and strip) and E$\sub$L/. The results demonstrated that a mixed species calibration, that encompasses wide variation in terms of, wood anatomy, chemistry and physical properties, could be used to rank trees. Experiments reported in this paper demonstrate that solid wood properties can be estimated by NIR spectroscopy. The method offers a rapid and non-destructive alternative to traditional methods of analysis and is applicable to large-scale non-destructive forest resource assessment, and to tree breeding and silvicultural programs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

The Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin has traditionally been a pine tree protection area (prohibited forest) for timber production purposes, and is now designated and managed as a protected area for forest genetic resource conservation by the Korea Forest Service. This study, we analyzed topographical characteristics, existing vegetation, tree age, and plant community structure, and proposed a sustainable management method for the Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin for timber havesting purposes. The topographical characteristics of the target area were 36.7% ridges and 38.7% valleys; the ratio of ridges to valleys was similar, and the slopes formed 24.7% of the total area. The types of pine forest communities are divided into six types based on the progress of pine forest renewal, the competition with other species such as deciduous broadleaf trees, and the formation of layered structures. It has been confirmed that the age of the large-diameter pine trees (40~60cm in diameter) is approximately 60~70 years, which is relatively low. As a result of the analysis of the relative importance percentage and layered structure, differences depended on the progress of the pine forest renewal project, and not only the maintenance of the pine forest, but also the creation of a secondary growth forest, the density adjustment of pine trees, and the active management of competitive trees. The average basal area by the community was 12,642.1~25,424.4cm² for the tree layer and 1.8~1,956.5cm² for the low tree layer based on a quadrat of 400m². The difference in the basal area appeared to depend on the size and number of trees forming the tree layer and the degree of pine forest renewal (the degree of time elapsed after thinning pine trees). The average number of species that appeared in each community was 8.7-20.3; there were many species located in valleys, and the type competes with deciduous broadleaf trees due to the lack of management. The diversity of species ranged from 0.6915-1.0942, and was evaluated as low compared to pine communities in central temperate zones. In this paper, we determined the management goals of Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin to produce timber with high economic value, and suggested efficient vegetation management for continuous afforestation, the establishment of a timber production system, and improvement of wood production as a management direction.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.169-192
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• 2021

Sacred groves are large areas of virgin or human-modified landscape with a diverse range of species that have been protected by local people for centuries due to cultural, religious beliefs, and taboo that the deities live in them and protect the villagers from various calamities. The present study was carried out for quantitative analysis of diversity, population structure, regeneration and conservation status of tree species in the four 36.86 ha sacred groves of Jhargram district in West Bengal. Tree species composition, population structure and regeneration status were analyzed by randomly establishing of 1 ha subplots within the sacred groves. Density, frequency, basal area, abundance, evenness, and other diversity indices were calculated for adult trees with girth at breast height (GBH) >31 cm. A total of 146 tree species belonging to 116 genera distributed in 44 families from 21 orders were recorded. Pterospermum suberifolium, family Malvaceae showed the highest Species Importance Value Index (SIVI, 21.33) and Fabaceae showed the highest Family Importance Value Index (FIVI, 35.59) values respectively. Individuals are categorised into three groups, seedling, sapling and adult based on girth classes. The majority of tree species exhibited good (52.74%) regeneration followed by fairly (24.66%), poor (15.75%) and no regeneration (6.85%) respectively. With the healthy existence of the sacred grove, the overall population structure of tree species showed a strong regeneration potential. The current data will be useful in determining the current status of tree species and will be used by the forest department, politicians, and conservationists to establish management plans for the conservation of priority species in the region. Since the study areas were sacred groves, tribal members were keen to preserve them due to their religious significance.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 1994

Leaf diffusive resistance (LDR), stomatal density, length of guard cell and hair density of leaves of 6 oak species were determined under withdrawal of water, and their strategies of drought stress were analyzed by principal component analysis. LDR of Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena and Q. serrata increased earlier than those of the other species at high leaf water potential $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ or low water saturation deficit (WSD), which was an avoidance mechanism reducing damage by water stress. Q. variabilis with low stomatal density, small stomatal size and high hair density had avoidance mechanisms increasing LDR at high $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ However, Q. mongolica and Q. dentata increased LDR at low $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ as xeric species do. Results from principal component analysis on the 15 variables related to strategies of drought stress indicated that the 6 oak species were divided into 2 groups: (1) Q. acutissima, Q. aliena and Q. serrata as mesic habitat species and (2) Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Q. dentata as xeric habitat species. Among three xeric species Q. acutissima differed from the other two species in the drought strategies such as high hair density, low stornatal density, high leaf area ratio, stomatal closing at low $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ and small cell wall elasticity. The results could reasonably explain their drought strategies in natural habitat.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.296-305
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• 2024

Peach tree gummosis is a botanical anomaly distinguished by the secretion of dark-brown gum from the shoots of peach trees, and Botryosphaeria dothidea has been identified as one of the fungal species responsible for its occurrence. In South Korea, approximately 80% of gummosis cases are linked to infections caused by B. dothidea. In this study, we isolated microbes from the soil surrounding peach trees exhibiting antifungal activity against B. dothidea. Subsequently, we identified several bacterial strains as potential candidates for a biocontrol agent. Among them, Bacillus velezensis KTA01 displayed the most robust antifungal activity and was therefore selected for further analysis. To investigate the antifungal mechanism of B. velezensis KTA01, we performed tests to assess cell wall degradation and siderophore production. Additionally, we conducted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis based on whole-genome sequencing to confirm the presence of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of lipopeptide compounds, a well-known characteristic of Bacillus spp., and to compare gene expression levels. Moreover, we extracted lipopeptide compounds using methanol and subjected them to both antifungal activity testing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The experimental findings presented in this study unequivocally demonstrate the promising potential of B. velezensis KTA01 as a biocontrol agent against B. dothidea KACC45481, the pathogen responsible for causing peach tree gummosis.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.51-64
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• 2017

The paleo-environments including changes in vegetation, climate, and sea level since the middle Holocene(6,400(?)-1,800(?) yr BP) were reconstructed with the special reference to pollen analysis from two trench samples at Yulha-dong, Kimhae-si, southern Korea. The environmental characteristics by the pollen zonation wassummarized asfollows: Pollenzone I(6,400(?)~3,940(?) yr BP)showed the dominance of Quercus species with broad-leaved trees, it was warm condition. Pollenzone II(3,940(?)~2,300(?) yr BP) was characterized to the yellow soil indicating terrestrial environment. Moreover, it showed Alnus-NAP period related to the extension of agriculture and deforestation by the rapid decrease of Quercus and increase of Gramineae. Pollenzone III(2,300(?)~1,800(?) yr BP) showed human impact from the increase of NAP and Pinus. Plenty of Quercus with deciduous broad-leaved trees also suggested warmer condition than before.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-48
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• 1998

In this paper, pollen types of plants and Pb, N, P, K, Ca and Na in pallens of trees were investigated to control the air and soil pollutions. Morphological types of about 500 species of plants were identified to make the best use of paleontology, medicine and pharmacy. There were the positive correlations between Pb, N, P, K,Ca and Na contents in pollens and soils, respectively. A heavy metal, Pb, contained in pollens was not absorbed by rats. This fact should be utilized to purify air and soils polluted by Pb. Key words: Pb, Pollen, Pollution, puripication, Control.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.473-486
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• 2013

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for Paryeongsan Zone in the Dadohaehaesang National Park incorporated in National Park in 2011. To do so, seventy-five plots($100m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed plots were divided into six groups according to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN; (I) Quercus acutissima community, (II) Q. serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii community, (III) Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, (IV) Q. variabilis community, (V) P. rigida-Q. variabilis-P. densiflora community, (VI) Chamaecyparis obtusa community. The results of vegetation structure analysis were. I, IICommunity, were expected that the deciduous oak trees with deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii var. tschonoskii competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. III, VCommunity, were expected that the P. densiflora and P. rigida competing with oak trees would flourish in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. IVCommunity, have expanded the influence of Q. variabilis, but understory will be developed next ecological succession by a high percentage of Machilus thunbergii in frequency of warm-temperate trees. VI Community, Chamaecyparis obtusa community were expected continue. This Chamaecyparis obtusa community is picked thinning Chamaecyparis obtusa as moving purpose of National Park, it will be inducement a plant vegetation succession to the natural forest. Frequency of warm-temperate trees in the Paryeongsan Zone of warm temperate climate zone was a total 9 species, Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Elaeagnus macrophylla, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.599-604
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• 2015

This study was conducted the vegetation clustering analysis for the 3 mountains of Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, Mt. Bonghwa which were the urban forests of Seoul. Based on the results of the analysis related to the vegetation clustering, it was found that the clustering of Mt. Bulam consisted of pine trees(Pinus densiflora)-Mongolian oak(Quercus mongolica), Hornb eam(Carpinus laxiflora)-Pitch pine(P. rigida), oriental oak(Q. variabilis) - a wild pear tree(Sorbus alnifolia) while the clustering of Mt. Daemo consisted of Pitch pine-Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis), Poplar(Populus tomentig landulosa)- black birch(Betula davurica pall). Meanwhile, the clustering of Mt. Bonghwa consisted of pine trees-a wild pear tree Community and Sawtooth oak(Q. acutissima)-Cherry Blossoms(Prunus serrulata). In relation to the similarity index by region in Mt. Bulam, Mt. Daemo, and Mt. Bonghwa, the similarity index of Mt. Bulam and Mt. Daemo stood at as high as 0.634, suggesting the distribution of similar vegetation, and the dominance index of the Mt. Daemo region was found to be 0.166 which suggests the dominance of many species compared to other regions. In addition, the results of species diversity showed that Mt. Daemo had the highest stability, and the species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness indices were highest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo. The dominance index was the lowest in Mt. Bulam, followed by Mt. Bonghwa and Mt. Daemo.