• 유기물자원화
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2001

미분해 유기물이 다량 존재하는 매립초기에 발생되는 침출수는 미생물에 의한 혐기성 소화가 진행됨에 따라 침출수중의 유황성분이 유황환원세균 등에 의해 황화물이온으로 환원되고, 이것이 금속이온의 양보다 과잉으로 많을 경우 sol화된 금속황화물이 되어 침출수를 검은색으로 변색시킴을 알 수 있었으며, 이들은 검은색의 입자상 물질을 형성하여 침전물을 생성함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이와 같은 침출수 처리를 위해 과잉의 황화물이온을 당량이상의 금속이온과 반응시킨다면 부동태화시킬 수 있다는 향후의 경제적 효율적인 처리를 위한 중요한 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.499-509
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• 2000

Next to carbon dioxide, methane is the second largest contributor to global warming among anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Methane is emitted into the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wetlands, termites, wildries, ocean and freshwater. Anthropogenic sources include landfill, natural gas and oil production, and agriculture. These manmade sources account for about 70% of total global methane emissions; and among these, landfill accounts for approximately 10% of total manmade emissions. Solid waste landfills produce methane as bacteria decompose organic wastes under anaerobic conditions. Methane accounts for approximately 45 to 50 percent of landfill gas, while carbon dioxide and small quantities of other gases comprise the remaining to 50 to 55 percent. Using the closed enclosure technique, surface emission fluxes of methane from the selected landfill sites were measured. These data were used to estimate national methane emission rate from domestic landfills. During the three different periods, flux experiments were conducted at the sites from June 30 through December 26, 1999. The chamber technique employed for these experiments was validated in situ. Samples were collected directly by on-site flux chamber and analyzed for the variation of methane concentration by gas chromatography equipped with FID. Surface emission rates of methane were found out to vary with space and time. Significant seasonal variation was observed during the experimental period. Methane emission rates were estimated to be 64.5$\pm$54.5mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr from Kimpo landifll site. 357.4$\pm$68.9mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr and 8.1$\pm$12.4mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr at KwanJu(managed and unmanaged), 472.7$\pm$1056mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr at JonJu, and 482.4$\pm$1140 mgCH$_4$/$m^2$/hr at KunSan. These measurement data were used for the extrapolation of national methane emission rate based on 1997 national solid waste data. The results were compared to those derived by theoretical first decay model suggested by IPCC guidelines.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2014

Leachate quality and methane emission from pilot-scale lysimeters operated under semi-aerobic and anaerobic conditions were monitored for 650 days. Two semi-aerobic lysimeters were filled with un-compacted and compacted municipal solid wastes whereas two anaerobic lysimeters containing compacted wastes were operated with leachate storage at 50% and 100% of waste height, respectively. Despite having high moisture in wastes and operating under tropical rainfall events, leachate stabilization in semi-aerobic lysimeters took place much faster resulting in BOD reduction by 90% within 60 days, significantly shorter than 180-210 days observed in anaerobic lysimeters. Nitrogen concentration in leachate from semi-aerobic lysimeter could be reduced by 90%. In term of gas emission, semi-aerobic lysimeter with un-compacted wastes had much lower methane emission rate of $2.8g/m^2/day$ compare to anaerobic lysimeters ($62.6g/m^2/day$) through seasonal fluctuation was observed. Nevertheless, semi-aerobic lysimeter with waste compaction has similar performance to anaerobic lysimeter.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.643-650
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• 2005

In order to treat leachate from aged landfill site effectively, removal of biologically recalcitrant organic matter and denitrification efficiency were evaluated through the combination of $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP pretreatment process and UASB process. The results can be summarized as follows. In case of leachate having low COD/N ratio from aged landfill site, it is possible to increase available COD for denitrification in nitrate utilizing denitrification and nitrite utilizing denitrification both by enhancing biodegradability of recalcitrant organic matter as applying $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP to pretreatment process. In this experiment, it is found that available COD for denitrification can be increased to 1.0 and 0.4 g/day, respectively. Comparison has been made between requiring COD and available COD for denitrification in each experimental stages. It is expected that high rate of denitrification can be achieved with leachate from young landfill site because higher amount of available COD for denotrification is present in the leachate than the amount of requiring COD for denitrification. Especially, In leachate from aged landfill site with low COD/N ratio, it can be concluded that denitrification using nitrite nitrogen can enhance overall denitrification performance efficiently because denitrification using nitrite nitrogen requires less amount of carbon source than denitrification using nitrate nitrogen. Comparing the biogas production rate and nitrogen content of biogas under the condition of same amount of nitrate and nitrite addition, biogas production and nitrogen content of biogas are increased during denitrification after $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP pretreatment process. Therefore, it can be confirmed that COD/N ratio in the leachate is increased. Applying $H_2O_2/O_3$ AOP as pretreatment system of landfill leachate seems to have little economic benefit because it requires additional carbon source to denitrify ammonia nitrogen in leachate coming from aged landfill site. However, it is possible to apply this pretreatment process to leachate from old landfill site in view of AOP process can achieve removal of biologically recalcitrant organic matter and increase of available COD for denitrification simultaneously.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2010

유기성 폐기물의 혐기성발효공정에 의한 바이오가스 연구가 다양한 목적으로 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 혐기성공정 또는 매립지에서 생성되는 바이오가스의 주요 조성은 메탄, 이산화탄소와 미량의 황화수소와 암모니아로 구성되며, 생산지에서 불순물을 정화시킨 후 바로 사용하거나 혹은 파이프라인을 통해 천연가스처럼 사용할 수 있다. 생산된 바이오가스는 열과 스팀생산, 전기생산, 자동차용 연료 및 화학물질 생산 등에 사용되어질 수 있다. 바이오가스는 사용 용도에 따라 여러 나라들의 관련 규정들이 정비되고 있지만 아직까지 국제적으로 공인된 표준 규격은 없다. 본 논문에서는 세계 각국의 바이오가스 용도별 품질특성을 살펴보았다.

• 태양에너지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 1998

A 5 ton/day pilot scale two-phase anaerobic digester was constructed and tasted to treat Korean food wastes in Anyang city. The process was developed based on 3 years of lab-scale experimental results on am optimim treatment method for the recovery of biogas and humus. Problems related to food waste are ever Increasing quantity among municipal solid wastes(MSW) and high moisture and salt contents. Thus our food waste produces large amounts of leachate and bed odor in landfill sites which are being exhausted. The easily degradable presorted food waste was efficiently treated in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The waste contained in plastic bags was shredded and then screened for the removal of inert material such as fabrics and plastics, and subsequently put into the two-stage reactors. Heavy and light inerts such as bones, shells, spoons and plastic pieces were again removed by gravity differences. The residual organic component was effectively hydrolyzed and acidified in the first reactor with 5 days space time at pH of about 6.5. The second, methanization reactor part of which is filled with anaerobic fillters, converted the acids into methane with pH between 7.4 to 7.8. The space time for the second reactor was 15 days. The effluent from the second reactor was recycled to the first reactor to provide alkalinities. The process showed stable steady state operation with the maximum organic rate of 7.9 $kgVS/m^3day$ and the volatile solid reduction efficiency of about 70%. The total of 3.6 tons presorted MSW containing 2.9 tons of food organic was treated to produce about $230m^3$ of biogas with 70% of methane and 80kg humus. This process is extended to full scale treating 15 tons of food waste a day in Euiwang city and the produced biogas is utilized for the heating/cooling of adjacent buildings.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1989

고로(高爐) 슬래그는 미생물(微生物) 부착이 쉬운 거친 표면(表面)과 pH를 중화(中和)시킬 수 있는 칼슘과 마그네슘을 다량 함유하고 있으며, 반응조내(反應槽內)의 미생물(微生物)을 응집(凝集)시킬 수 있는 알루미늄이나 철염을 비롯한 미생물(微生物)의 영양소를 함유하고 있어, 혐기성(嫌氣性) 생물막(生物膜) 공법(工法)의 여재(濾材)로서의 사용가능성(使用可能性)을 검토(檢討)하여 보았다. 유가공(乳加工)의 탄수화물(炭水化物), 폐기물(廢棄物) 침출수(浸出水) 및 당밀폐수와 같은 산성폐수(酸性廢水)를 슬래그를 여재(濾材)로 사용(使用)한 실험실(實驗室) 혐기성(嫌氣性) 반응조(反應槽)에 주입(注入)하였는데 예측한 대로 pH를 중화(中和)시키며 미생물(微生物)을 확보시키는데 효과적(效果的)인 것으로 나타났다. 특히 푸라스틱을 사용한 경우의 유가공폐수(乳加工廢水)의 운전결과(運轉結果)와 비교할때에 고부하(高負荷)에서 슬래그를 사용한 경우의 COD 제거효율(除去效率)이 높았다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2016

본 연구는 바이오가스화 처리 유 무에 따라 하수슬러지 처리방법별, 즉 소각, 탄화, 건조, 고형화 등에 대한 환경성 및 경제성 분석을 실시하였다. 환경성 분석에 대하여, 소각 및 탄화로부터의 대기오염물질은 기준치의 1-34 % 수준으로 배출되고 있었다. 건조 및 고형화는 악취 기준치의 30 % 정도 배출되고 있었다. 나머지 오염물질들은 검출되지 않거나 기준치 이하에서 관리되고 있었다. 고형화에서 부산물은 매립지 복토재로서 사용될 때, 일축강도가 기준치보다 못미쳐서 차량 통해서 불완전하고 토양유실의 가능성이 있다. 또한 고형화는 빈번한 공정 막힘과 운전 중단 등의 어려움이 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 결과적으로, 환경성 및 경제성을 고려할 때 혐기소화 이후 후처리로 소각 또는 건조하는 경우가 가장 타당한 것으로 분석되었으며, 후처리로 탄화처리하는 경우가 가장 타당성이 적은 것으로 분석되었다. 고형화 처리는 가장 경제적이었으나 환경적 및 운전성이 부족하여 타당성이 부족한 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.402-406
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• 2006

The physical and chemical characteristics of ALC were analyzed and showed 2.2 of specific gravity and 9.05 of pH. The results of leaching tests with standard method for soil and waste indicated heavy metals(Cu, Cd, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$) were under maximum concentration level. The anaerobic digestion sludge was attached in the surface of ALC within 90 hours. As the results of batch test, pH of the ALC and Bio-ALC were decreased from initial pH of ALC to 8.7 and 7.8 respectively Also, the concentration of heavy metals was rapidly eliminated in the solution with the batch test. The result of column experiment indicates that the removal efficiency of ALC was showed 66% of T-P, 60% of T-N, and 67% of CODcr. Also, removal efficiency of Bio-ALC was slightly higher than that of ALC in T-N (64%) and CODcr (74%).

• 에너지공학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 매립가스 증대를 위한 음폐수의 원활한 주입을 위해 혐기성 산발효 전처리를 수행하였으며 이를 통해 점도 감소와 유기산 생산량을 확인하여 매립지 주입을 위한 최적조건을 확인하고자 하였다. 산발효 후 음폐수 가용화율은 약 15% 증가함을 보였고 체류시간의 변화와 반응기형태를 달리 한 결과 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 반응기형태에 따라 점도변화를 확인한 결과 상향류식 반응기에서 $76.95{\pm}3.27%$로 완전혼합반응기에 비해 약 11.38% 높은 점도 저감효율을 보였으며, VFA생산에서는 체류시간을 3일에서 5일로 증가 시 2.01배(상향류식 반응기), 1.76배(완전혼합반응기) 높은 경향을 보였다. 이는 상향류식 반응기의 경우 고정층담체의 스크린 역할로 분자량이 작은 물질에 비해 큰 물질들이 상대적으로 반응기에 체류하는 시간이 길어져 효율이 높은 것으로 사료된다.