• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.467-470
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• 2003

Leaking underground storage tanks are a major source of groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons. Aerobic bioremediation has been highly effective in the remediation of many fuel releases. However, Bioremediation of aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and sediments is ofen limited by the inability to provide sufficient oxygen to the contaminated zones due to the low water solubility of oxygen. Nitrate can also serve as an electron acceptor and results in anaerobic biodegradation of organic compounds via the processes of nitrate reduction and denitrification. Because nitrate is less expensive and more soluble than oxygen. it may be more economical to restore fuel-contaminated aquifers using nitrate rather than oxygen. And denitrifying bacteria are commonly found in the subsurface and in association with contaminated aquifer materials. These studies have shown that BTEX and MTBE can be degraded by the nitrate-amended microcosms under aerobic and anaerobic conditons. Biodegradation of the toluene and ethylbenzne compounds occurred very quickly under denitrifying conditions. MTBE, benzene and p-xylene were recalcitrant under denitrifying conditions in this study, But finally Biodegradaton was observed for all of the test compounds.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.368-371
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• 2003

Leaking underground storage tanks are a major source of groundwater contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioremediation of aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and sediments is often limited by dissolved oxygen. Aerobic bioremediation has been highly effective in the remediation of many fuel releases, but Many aromatic hydrocarbons degrade very slowly under anaerobic conditions. Nitrate is a good alternative electron acceptor to oxygen and denitrifying bacteria are commonly found in the subsurface and in association with contaminated aquifer materials. Because nitrate is less expensive and more soluble than oxygen. it may be more economical to restore fuel-contaminated aquifers using nitrate rather than oxygen. This study show that biodegradation of BTEX and MTBE is enhanced by the nitrate-amended microcosms under aerobic/anaerobic conditons. Although aromatic hydrocarbons degrade very slowly under anaerobic conditions. Biodegradaton was observed for all of the test compounds.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.368-371
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• 2003

Accidental release of petroleum products from underground storage tank(USTs) is one of the most common causes of groundwater contamination. BTEX is the major components of fuel oils, which are hazardous substances regulated by many nations. In addition to BTEX, other gasoline consituents such as MTBE(methyl-t-buthyl ether), anphthalene are also toxic to humans. Natual attenuation processes include physic, chemical, and biological trasformation. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation are believed to be the major processes that account for both containment of the petroleum-hydrocarbon plum and reduction of the contaminant concentrations. Aerobic bioremediation has been highly effective in the remediation of many fuel releases. However, Bioremediation of aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater and sediments is ofen limited by the inability to provide sufficient oxygen to the contaminated zones due to the low water solubility of oxygen. Anaerobic processes refer to a variety of biodegradation mechanisms that use nitrate, ferric iron, sulfate, and carbon dioxide as terminal electron accepters. The objectives of this study was to conduct laboratory-scale microcosm studies in assessing enhanced bioremediation potential of BTEX and MTBE under various electron accepters(aerobic, nitrate, ferric iron, sulfate) in contaminated Soil. these results suggest that, presents evidence and a variety pattern of the biological removal of aromatic compounds under enhanced nitrate-, Fe(III)-, sulfate-reducing conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.839-847
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• 2020

In the present study, an anaerobic microbial consortium for the degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was selectively enriched with the co-addition of RDX and starch under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Microbial growth and anaerobic RDX biodegradation were effectively enhanced by the co-addition of RDX and starch, which resulted in increased RDX biotransformation to nitroso derivatives at a greater specific degradation rate than those for previously reported anaerobic RDX-degrading bacteria (isolates). The accumulation of the most toxic RDX degradation intermediate (MNX [hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine]) was significantly reduced by starch addition, suggesting improved RDX detoxification by the co-addition of RDX and starch. The subsequent MiSeq sequencing that targeted the bacterial 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Sporolactobacillus, Clostridium, and Paenibacillus populations were involved in the enhanced anaerobic RDX degradation. These results suggest that these three bacterial populations are important for anaerobic RDX degradation and detoxification. The findings from this work imply that the Sporolactobacillus, Clostridium, and Paenibacillus dominant microbial consortium may be valuable for the development of bioremediation resources for RDX-contaminated environments.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2005

산소가 고갈된 혐기성 환경의 유기물 분해 및 물질순환에서 철 환원반응의 생태/환경적 중요성에 대해 고찰하였다. 다양한 해양환경에서 유기물 분해 시 철 환원이 차지하는 중요성은 미약한 수준에서 거의 $100\%$에 이르기까지 그 범위가 극단적으로 다양하게 나타났다. 일반적으로 철 환원은 Fe(III)의 농도가 높은 곳에서 황산염 환원보다 중요한 유기물 분해 경로로 나타나, 유기물 분해에서 철 환원의 중요성은 철 환원세균이 이용 가능한 Fe(III)의 공급정도에 의해 결정되는 것으로 인식되었다. 산소공급이 미약한 연안혐기성 퇴적토 내에서 Fe(III)의 공급은: (1)조석에 의한 퇴적물 내 공극수의 교환(tidal flushing): (2)저서동물에 의한 생물교란: (3)식생의 유무에 따른 퇴적물의 산화/환원 상태의 변화 등에 의해 주로 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다 철 환원세균에 의한 유기물 분해 및 다양한 금속원소의 전환기능을 이용한 특정 유기오염원과 금속오염원의 생물정화는 우리나라와 같이 부영양화된 연안생태환경의 개선 및 독성 유t무기 오염원의 생물정화 등 연안역의 환경친화적 관리가 절실히 요구되는 환경에서 생태/환경공학 분야의 유용한 해결수단으로 간주된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.131-134
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• 2004

Several physical and chemical methods have been used for remediation contaminated by oils. However the cost was very high and secondary pollution rose during treating. The purpose of this study was to comprision TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) removal from artificially contaminated soil by diesel with and without seeding anaerobic digested sludge. After 120 days of overall at 35$^{\circ}C$, removal efficiency of TPH with seeding sludge was 2-3 times higher than blank. Also, the more amount seeding sludge, TPH removal efficiency and CH$_4$ content more obtained. It was sad that seeding of anaerobic digested sludge was a good method for enhancing TPH removal efficiency without increasing operating cost. Sulfate, nitrate-reducing, methanogenic condition were evaluated for alkane, isoprenoid as target contaminated soil.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.534-544
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• 2014

The effects of microbial iron reduction and oxidation on the immobilization and mobilization of copper were investigated in a high concentration of sulfate with synthesized Fe(III) minerals and red earth soils rich in amorphous Fe (hydr)oxides. Batch microcosm experiments showed that red earth soil inoculated with subsurface sediments had a faster Fe(III) bioreduction rate than pure amorphous Fe(III) minerals and resulted in quicker immobilization of Cu in the aqueous fraction. Coinciding with the decrease of aqueous Cu, $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in the inoculated red earth soil decreased acutely after incubation. The shift in the microbial community composite in the inoculated soil was analyzed through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Results revealed the potential cooperative effect of microbial Fe(III) reduction and sulfate reduction on copper immobilization. After exposure to air for 144 h, more than 50% of the immobilized Cu was remobilized from the anaerobic matrices; aqueous sulfate increased significantly. Sequential extraction analysis demonstrated that the organic matter/sulfide-bound Cu increased by 52% after anaerobic incubation relative to the abiotic treatment but decreased by 32% after oxidation, indicating the generation and oxidation of Cu-sulfide coprecipitates in the inoculated red earth soil. These findings suggest that the immobilization of copper could be enhanced by mediating microbial Fe(III) reduction with sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions. The findings have an important implication for bioremediation in Cu-contaminated and Fe-rich soils, especially in acid-mine-drainage-affected sites.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2012

Although, microbial arsenic mobilization by dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacteria (DARB) and the practical use to the removal technology of arsenic from contaminated soil are expected, most previous research mainly has been focused on the geochemical circulation of arsenic. Therefore, in this review we summarized the previously reported DARB to grasp the characteristic for bioremediation of arsenic. Evidence of microbial growth on arsenate is presented based on isolate analyses, after which a summary of the physiology of the following arsenate-respiring bacteria is provided: Chrysiogenes arsenatis strain BAL-$1^T$, Sulfurospirillum barnesii, Desulfotomaculum strain Ben-RB, Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum strains OREX-4, GFAJ-1, Bacillus sp., Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB-$2^T$, strain SES-3, Citrobacter sp. (TSA-1 and NC-1), Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum sp. nov., Shewanella sp., Chrysiogenes arsenatis BAL-$1^T$, Deferribacter desulfuricans. Among the DARB, Citrobacter sp. NC-1 is superior to other dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacteria with respect to arsenate reduction, particularly at high concentrations as high as 60 mM. A gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, Citrobacter sp. NC-1, which was isolated from arsenic contaminated soil, can grow on glucose as an electron donor and arsenate as an electron acceptor. Strain NC-1 rapidly reduced arsenate at 5 mM to arsenite with concomitant cell growth, indicating that arsenate can act as the terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration (dissimilatory arsenate reduction). To characterize the reductase systems in strain NC-1, arsenate and nitrate reduction activities were investigated with washed-cell suspensions and crude cell extracts from cells grown on arsenate or nitrate. These reductase activities were induced individually by the two electron acceptors. Tungstate, which is a typical inhibitory antagonist of molybdenum containing dissimilatory reductases, strongly inhibited the reduction of arsenate and nitrate in anaerobic growth cultures. These results suggest that strain NC-1 catalyzes the reduction of arsenate and nitrate by distinct terminal reductases containing a molybdenum cofactor. This may be advantageous during bioremediation processes where both contaminants are present. Moreover, a brief explanation of arsenic extraction from a model soil artificially contaminated with As (V) using a novel DARB (Citrobacter sp. NC-1) is given in this article. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of microbial arsenate reduction in the environment. The successful application and use of DARB should facilitate the effective bioremediation of arsenic contaminated sites.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XIII)
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• pp.392-396
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 하수처리장 반송라인으로부터 얻은 혼합미생물을 사용하여 실험실에서 회분식 실험을 실행하였으며, 산소가 제한되는 유류 오염지역 내에서의 질산염 전자수용체를 이용한 탈질 박테리아의 질산염 이용 평가와 이에 따른, 현장 적용 타당성을 검토하는데 있다. 미생물은 톨루엔(toluene)을 탄소원으로 하고 질산염을 에너지원으로 이용하는 균주로 우점화한 혼합미생물(mixed culture)을 배양하여 실험에 사용하였다. 본 실험을 통해 유류에 의해 오염된 토양의 혐기성 지역에서의전자수용체로 질산염이 존재한다면, 토착미생물에 의한 분해가 느리지만, 발생될 수 있음을 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 질산염의 유무에 따른 BTEX와 MTBE의 혼합기질의 분해 특성 및 부산물을 살펴볼 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1311-1323
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• 2012

In the present work, current knowledge on the potential fate, microbial degradation, and toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was thoroughly reviewed, focusing on the toxicological assessment of a variety of potential RDX degradation pathways in bacteria and fungi. The present review on microbial degradation pathways and toxicities of degradation intermediates suggests that, among aerobic RDX degradation pathways, the one via denitration may be preferred in a toxicological perspective, and that among anaerobic pathways, those forming 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB) via ring cleavage of 1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (MNX) may be toxicologically advantageous owing to its potential mineralization under partial or complete anoxic conditions. These findings provide important information on RDX-degrading microbial pathways, toxicologically most suitable to be stimulated in contaminated fields.