• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 1979

인삼탄저병에 감염된 포기의 종자에는 $42\%$, 겉으로 건전한 포기의 종자에도 $4\~17\%$의 탄저병균을 보유하고 있었으며, Fusarium, Alternaria, Phoma, Trichoderma 등도 많이 분리되었다. 탄저병균은 실내에 있는 잎의 조직에서 18개월간 생존하였으며, 옥외의 노지, 지하 10, 30cm에서도 월동할 수 있었다. 인삼잎에 탄저병균의 분생자를 접종하였을 때에 $25-35^{\circ}C$ 발병하였고, $17^{\circ}C$이하에서는 전혀 병반이 형성되지 않았다. 암흑구, 400룩스구에서 탄저병반은 미소하였고, 1200룩스구에서 중정도, 직사광선에서는 극심하였다. 그리고 연령이 어린 잎일수록, 분생자수가 많을수록 병반면적율은 높았다. 병원균의 균사생장 및 분생자형성의 최적온도는 $25^{\circ}C$였고, 균사생장의 최적 pH는 2.8-4.2였으며 분생사형성은 5.2-5.8이었다. 포장에서 살균제와 인삼${\cdot}$탄저병균의 분생자를 함께 3년생식물에 처리했을 때 방제효과가 큰 것은 difolatan 그리고 maneb, zineb, captan, phaltan의 순위였으며 ferbam과 보르도액은 약간 낮았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3435-3441
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• 2014

Background: Axillary lymph node status at diagnosis remains the strongest predictor of long-term survival in breast cancer. Patients with more than ten axillary lymph nodes at diagnosis have a poor long-term survival. In this single institutional study, we set out to evaluate the prognosis of this high-risk group in the era of multimodality therapy. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we looked at all breast cancer patients with greater than ten axillary lymph nodes diagnosed at Mount Sinai Medical Center (MSMC) from January 1st 1990 to December 31st 2007 (n=161). In the univariate analysis, descriptive frequencies, median survival, and 5- and 10-year survival rates were estimated for common prognostic factors. A multivariate prognostic analysis for time-to-event data, using the extended Cox regression model was carried out. Results: With a median and mean follow-up of 70 and 89.9 months, respectively, the overall median survival was estimated to be 99 months. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 59.3% and the ten-year DFS was 37.9%, whereas the five- and ten-year overall survival (OS) was 66.6% and 43.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant improvement in DFS among black patients compared to whites (p=0.05), improved DFS and OS among young patients (ages 21-45) compared to elderly patients (age greater than 70) (p=0.00176, p=0.0034, respectively), and improved DFS and OS among patients whose tumors were ER positive (p=0.049, p=0.0034). Conclusions: In this single institution study of patients with greater than 10 positive axillary nodes, black patients had a significantly improved DFS compared with white patients. Young age and ER tumor positivity was associated with improved outcomes. Using multivariate analysis, there were no other variables associated with statistically significant improvements in DFS or OS including date of diagnosis. Further work is needed to improve breast cancer survival in this subgroup of patients.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1974

북태평양의 백연어에는 카나다, 아라스카, 소련 및 일본의 네 계통이 있고, 소련과 일본의 아시아계는 경도$180^{\circ}$ 이서 해역에 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 북태평양의 서방 해역의 백연어의 계통을 추적한다는 것은 공해상에서 어획된 백연어의 형질 측정치에 대해서 그것이 소련과 일본의 두 모집단의 어느 쪽으로부터 얻어진 것인가를 판별하는 문제에 귀착된다. 이 때 각 개체에 대해 관찰된 각 형질을 두 모집단간에 개별 비교한 결과를 종합하여 계통을 판별하는 것보다는, 이들 다수의 형질의 일차변환에 의해 각 형질에 나타나는 공통의 변동양상을 적절히 나타내고, 한편 두 모집단간의 차를 가장 확실히 표현하는 새로운 변량을 구하며, 이 새 변량에 의해 백연어의 계통을 판정하는 방법이 보다 높은 신뢰도를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서 일본의 혹가이도와 소련의 캄차카반도의 일곱 하천으로부터 총 476개체의 백연어의 산란군(Fig.1, Table 1)으로부터 채집한 비늘의 첫 해의 연륜에 있어서 폭과 성장선 수의 두 형질을 측정하여, 선형판별함수를 구해, 이것이 북태평양 서방 해역에 분포하는 백 연어의 계통을 분리하는 데에 있어서 얼마나 유효한가를 조사했다. 정확한 판별 분석을 위해서 두 형질이 두 모집단간에 있어서 동일한 분산 및 공분산을 가진 다변량 정규분포를 하고 있는가를 검토하여 두 형질이 판별 분석에 적합함을 확인했다(Table 2,3 및 4). 구해진 선형판별함수 $Y=0.4803\;X_{1}+0.01156\;X_2$($X_1$은 성장선의 수, $X_2$는 폭)는 북태평양 서방 해역에 분포하는 백연어의 약 $80\%$를 일본계와 소련계로 정확히 분리했다(Fig. 2). 두 형질중 성장신의 수만으로써도 두 형질로부터 구한 선형판별함수에 의했을 때와 거의 동일한 확률로 계통을 분리할 수 있음을 알았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 1984

1983년 4월 13일 경상남도 남해군 삼동면 지족리앞 창선해협에 설치된 죽방염정치어장에서 성숙한 학공치를 채집하여 현장에서 인공수정시켜, 실험실로 옮겨와 실내에서 난발생과정과 부화자어를 관찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 난은 구형이며 침성난으로 동물극부근에 $4{\sim}6$개, 식물극부근에 1개의 부속계가 있으며, 난경은 $1.80{\sim}2.00mm$이고, 많은 소유구를 가진다. 사육수온은 $13.5^{\circ}C{\sim}20.0^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 수정후 약376시간만에 첫 부화를 하였다. 부화직후의 자어는 전장이 $7.40{\sim}8.00mm$(평균, 7.68mm)이며 근절수는 $40+16{\sim}17=56{\sim}57$. 꼬리지느러미에 8개의 지느러미 원기가 생긴다. 부화후 3일째의 자어는 전장이 $8.95{\sim}9.40mm$이며 brine shrimp유생을 먹기 시작한다. 부화후 4일째의 전장 $9.00{\sim}9.65mm$의 자어는 난황을 완전히 흡수한다. 부화후 14일째의 전장 13.25mm의 자어는 아래턱이 조금 돌출되며 가슴지느러미에 4개, 등지느러미에 14개, 뒷지느러미에 13개의 지느러미줄기가 나타난다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose uf this study was to evaluate the effect of Choksmni$(ST_{36})$ moxibustion in hypertensive patients who showed sudden elevation of blood pressure. Methods : Among patients admitted to Woosuk University Hospital from June to September 2004, sixty-one patients who had shown sudden elevation in systolic blood pressure over 100mmHg were chosen by random sampling and divided into a treatment group (Choksamni moxibustion group) and a control group. In the Choksamni $(ST_{36})$ moxibustion group, moxibustion was done at the point between tibial tuberosity and head of fibula where the $ST_{36}$ is known to be located. Direct moxibustion was practiced on the patients 5 times with an increase of size from a grain of rice to a bigger cluster. Male patients were chosen to practice on the left meridian and female patients were chosen to practice on the right meridian point. Changes in blood pressure after He moxibustion were checked 4 times at tine intervals of 30 minutes. In the control group, the patients took bed rest without my medical treatment. The two groups were compared in order to demonstrate whether then were any remarkable changes in depression of blood pressure. Results : There were significant decreases in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after moxibustion. We found significant decreases in systolic blood pressure at 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes ana diastolic blood pressure at 120 minutes in the patient group compared with the control group. Conclusions : There was a statistically significant depressing effect on blood pressure elevation observed in the group with moxibustion at $ST_{36}$ versus the control group without any medical treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2018

Objective: Fresh sugarcane has been a new roughage source for ruminant's in semiarid regions, a function of the decline of sugar and alcohol industry in recent years. However, there is little data published regarding lambs fed sugarcane associated with spineless cactus. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane replacement with spineless cactus (0%, 33%, 66%, and 100%) in the diet of Santa $In\hat{e}s$ lambs on carcass characteristics. Methods: Thirty-six non-castrated Santa Ines lambs at four months of age and an initial body weight of $22{\pm}2.3kg$ were assigned in a randomized block design and slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. The effects of spineless cactus as a replacement for sugarcane in the diet of the lambs on the carcass characteristics, commercial cut weight and yield, leg tissue composition, and carcass measurements were studied. Results: The study revealed quadratic behavior in slaughter body weight, and hot and cold carcass weight, with maximum values of 38.60, 18.60, and 18.11 kg and replacement levels of 40.18%, 44.42%, and 43.14%, respectively. The cold carcass yield presented an increasing linear behavior. The compactness index of carcass and leg presented a quadratic effect, with estimated maximal values of 0.28 and 0.57 kg/cm and replacement levels of 43.37% and 45.5%, respectively. The weights of commercial cuts of leg, loin, shoulder, and breast showed quadratic behavior, with maximum values of 2.79, 0.852, 1.46, and 1.30 kg and replacement levels of 49.5, 45.32, 39.0, and 40.7, respectively. For tissue composition, quadratic behavior was verified for leg weight, subcutaneous fat, and total fat. Conclusion: The replacement of sugarcane by spineless cactus at level 44% is recommended for finishing lambs considering that this level improved most of the carcass characteristics, weights, and yields of commercial cuts and leg tissue composition.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.207-224
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• 1996

This study was designed to determine the most effective concentration of fluoride and energy density of laser irradiation for the anticarious effect. For this study surface hardness in enamel was measured before and after irradiation with pulsed Nd;YAG laser and the topical application of fluoride. Of the permanent mandibular anterior hovine teeth, healthy, carious free ones were used. Three hundred specimens were made. Specimens within 25~45 Vickers hardness numbers were assigned to 20 control and experimental stoops ; each containing 15 specimens. After forming artificial carious lesions, 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 20 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, and 30 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ energies were irradiated on the enamel surface of each experimental group. Also NaF, NH4F, Elmex gel(amine fluoride) and APF gel fluoride compounds were applied topically. Next, all the specimens were placed into the pH circulatory procedures for eight days. Vickers hardness numbers were measured using a microhardness tester. Surface changes of the enamel were observed using an scanning electron microscope. The comparative ana1ysis yielded the following results : 1. The reduction of surface hardness of the enamel surface was less in all groups with fluoride application than in the group without fluoride application. 2. The APF gel croup with 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation showed the lowest reduction of surface hardness. 3. The reduction of surface hardness of the enamel surface in the group of laser irradiation without fluoride application not showed any significant difference according to the energy density of the laser. 4. Under the scanning electron microscope, in enamel irradiated with 10J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ showed appearance similar to acid etching surface. In enamel irradiated with 20 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$, line enamel crack was detected. In enamel irradiated with 30j/$\textrm{cm}^2$, severe enamel crack and fusion of enamel were detected. These results suggest that one could obtain the best anticariogenic effects without damage to teeth in the group of application of APF gel after laser irradiation with 10 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.451-458
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• 1984

18% casein식(食)을 대조식이(對照食餌)로 하여 분지쇄(分枝?) 아미노산(Leu. lie. Val.)을 첨가(添加)한 실험식이(實驗食餌)의 간부분절제후(肝部分切除後)의 Rat에 대한 영양학적(營養學約) 효과(效果)를 검토(檢討)하였다. 자유채취(自由攝取)시키면, 실험식이군(寶驗食餌群)은 대조식이군(對照食餌群)에 비하여 6일(日)째까지 식이채취량(食餌攝取量)이 적지만, 8 일(日)째부터는 증가하고 체중증가(體重增加)도 그와 평행하였다. 14 일(日)째에 간(肝)의 부분절제(部分切除)를 행하면, 7 일후의 체중(體重)은 식이채취량(食餌攝取量)은 동일(同一)하면서도 실험식이군(實驗食餌群)에서 유의(有意)하게 증가(增加)하였다. 또한 간부분절제후(肝部分切除後) 5 일(日)째의 간재생중량(肝再生重量) 및 간재생지수(肝再生指數)도 유의(有意)하게 증가(增加)를 나타내었다. 이상으로 보아, 분지쇄(分枝?)아미노산 첨가식이(添加食餌)는 재생간(再生肝) Rat에 대하여 체중증가(體重增加) 및 간재생(肝再生) 보호작용(促進作用)에 있어서 영양학적(營養學論) 효과(效果)가 있다는 것이 인정(認定)된다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.239-256
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• 2017

본 연구는 지난 16년간(1997~2013) 우리나라 지역 테크노파크 기능의 변화과정을 역사적 제도주의 시각에서 분석함으로써 지역산업정책에 대한 정책적 함의를 도출하고자 하였다. 중앙정부 행위자와 지역 행위자 간 영향력의 정도를 분석하기 위하여 대구와 경북 테크노파크를 중심으로 사례연구를 하였다. 분석결과 지역 테크노파크의 기능은 크게 3단계의 변화과정을 경험하였다. 초기 지역 테크노파크의 6대 기능은 중앙정부의 기획에 의하여 확정되었으며, 참여정부에서는 6대 기능에 지역혁신사업의 거점기관이라는 기능이 추가되었고, 이후 이명박 정부에서는 중소기업 지원의 종합 창구로 발전시키는데 중점을 두었다. 지역 테크노파크의 변화과정에서 포착되는 특징은 첫째, 테크노파크가 태동하던 시기에 형성된 중앙정부와 지역 행위자 상호관계가 그 이후에도 지속되는 경로의존적 속성이 발견되었다. 둘째는 지역 테크노파크 기능이라는 '제도' 자체에서 가겹(layering)과 재정향(reorientation) 현상이 발견되었다. 셋째는 중앙정부 행위자의 강한 영향력에도 불구하고 지역에 내재한 환경적 특수성이 지역 간 기능의 차별화를 초래하였다는 것이다. 이러한 결론을 바탕으로 향후 지역 테크노파크 관련 정책은 중앙정부와 지역 행위자 간 이미 형성된 관계의 경로의존을 탈피(path breaking)하는 것이 필요하다는 시사점을 도출하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.5-24
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• 1984

There has been an immense need for elaborate studies on the complications and the neuological sequelae generated by acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning which is highly prevalent in Korea due to widespread adoption of the anthracite coal briquette as domestic fuel for heating and for cooking. For this epidemiological study, a total of 444 subjects who received hospital emergency care for acute CO poisoning during the period of March 1982 to February 1983 were randomly selected from the emergency patients's lists of 13 general hospitals in Seoul area. Informations on the neurological sequelae were elucidated by means of home visiting with prearranged questionnaire consisting questions and concise neurological examination. The findings obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The complications were found in 18% of the surveyed and acute decubitus was comprised 67.5% of the complications. 2. The total cumulative incidence of the neurological sequelae was 41.2 per 100 patients and the absolute incidence rate regardless of the duration after poisoning was 40.8%. 3. The incidence of the neurological sequelae was higher in the older age than in the younger and also higher in female than in male. Twice higher incidence was observed in the admitted patients than in the non-admitted patients and the incidence became higher in proportion to the duration of CO exposure, coma and admission. The poorer the consciousness level of patients found, at emergency room and at discharge, the higher the incidence. The incidence of the neurological sequelae by emergency care was higher in hyperbaric oxygen therapy group(51.9%) than in 100% $O_2$ group(38.0%) 4. A total of five variables significantly associated with the occurrence of the neurological sequelae were selected by the stepwise discriminant analysis. The variables were following course of emergency care, age, consciousness level at discharge, admission duration, and consciousness level at emergency room in their sequence of discriminant power. Eight variables were selected as those associated with the degree of the neurological sequelae through the stepwise multiple regression analysis. Of these variables, the acute decubitus alone explained 21.1% of the total variation ana all the eight variables could explain 36.5% of the same. The remaining seven variables listed in the order of their relative importance were: age, consciousness level at discharge, admission duration, coma duration and consciousness level at emergency room. 5. It was postulated that unexpectedly high incidence of the neurological sequelae of the CO poisoning in this epidemiological study was mainly due to the inadequate emergency care and the lack of efficient and sophisticated treatment measure. In the effort to minimize the incidence of grave neurological sequelae of acute CO poisoning, new guidelines for the emergency care and treatment should be pursued with efficient ways.