• 약학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.469-475
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to find problems and possible improvement for current continuing education (CE) of pharmacists by assessing present status and performing survey data analysis. Present CE for pharmacists is administered by Korean Pharmaceutical Association and it has three separate modules for pharmacists depending on their specialty. The modules for community pharmacy and hospital pharmacy are mainly focused on patient care while the module for industrial pharmacists is on manufacturing and distribution of drugs. Survey data analysis revealed that more than half of the responders feel that present CE is inappropriate in terms of length and contents of the CE. Furthermore, about 40% of all responders answered it does not help them update professional knowledge. With regard to possible improvement of CE, 86% of the responders felt an accreditation council of CE needs to be established, and 64% answered that present three separate modules should be unified. More than three quarter (79%) of the responders wanted to have some part of CE administered by correspondence instead of on-site CE. Based on the findings from this study, present CE for pharmacists appears to need improvement to ensure appropriate drug use and to meet expectations of pharmacists who see problems on the present CE.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2005

Ion fluxes across the plasma membrane activated by 1 mM $Ce^{4+}$, cell apoptosis and taxol biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Taxus cusp/data were studied. The extracellular pH sharply decreased upon the addition of 1 mM $Ce^{4+}$, then increased gradually and exceeded the initial pH value over a time period of 12 h. The extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration decreased within the first 3 h after the addition of $Ce^{4+}$, then gradually decreased to one third of initial value in control at about 72 h and remained unchanged afterwards. Experiments with an ion channel blocker and a $Ca^{2+}$-channel blocker indicated that the dynamic changes in extracellular pH and the $Ca^{2+}$ concentration resulted from the $Ce^{4+}$-induced activation of W uptake and $Ca^{2+}$ influx across the plasma membrane via ion channels. A pretreatment of the ion channel blocker initiated $Ce^{4+}$-treated cells to undergo necrosis, and the prior addition of the $Ca^{2+}$-channel blocker inhibited $Ce^{4+}$-induced taxol biosynthesis and apoptosis. It is thus inferred that W uptake is necessary for cells to survive a $Ce^{4+}$-caused acidic environment and is one of the mechanisms of $Ce^{4+}$-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the $Ca^{2+}$ influx across the plasma membrane mediated both the $Ce^{4+}$-induced apoptosis and taxol biosynthesis.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2002

VPN이란 공중망에서의 물리적인 구성과 무관하게 논리적으로 폐쇄된 사용자 집단을 구성하여 각종 통신 서비스를 제공하는 기술이다. 이러한 VPN을 구성하기 위해 IP/IP, GRE, L2TP, MPLS 등 다양한 기술들이 제시되었고, 그 중에서 MPLS를 이용한 방식이 다른 기술에서는 제공하기 어려운 QoS, 보안, 관리 유지 등을 제공하는데 많은 장점을 갖고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 라우터 제조업체들에서 제안된 Network 기반 VPN 즉, PE 라우터(Provider Edge Label Switch Router) 기반 MPLS VPN과는 달리 CE 라우터(Customer Edge LSR) 기반의 MPLS VPN 방식을 제시하였다. PE 라우터 기반 MPLS VPN에서의 단점을 보완하기 위해 CE 라우터 기반 MPLS VPN 제어 요소 및 동작 절차를 지역(Customer) 네트웍과 망사업자(Provider) 네트웍에서의 MPLS Edge 라우터를 기반하여 설계하였고, PE 라우터 기반의 MPLS VPN과 CE 라우터 기반의 MPLS VPN의 성능을 비교하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2002

(Sm/Y)-Ba-Cu-O system high Tc composite superconductors with/without $CeO_2$ additive were directionally grown by zone-melting process, haying large temperature gradient, In air atmosphere. Cylindrical green rods of $({Sm/y})_{1.8}Ba_{2.4}Cu_{3.4}O_x$ [(Sm/Y)1.8] composite oxides by cold isostatic pressing(CIP) method using rubber mold were fabricated. The microstructure and superconducting properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and SQUID magnetometer. The size of nonsuperconducting $({Sm/y})_2BaCuO_5$ inclusions of the melt-textured (Sm/Y)1.8 sample with CeO$_2$ additive were remarkably reduced and uniformly distributed within the superconducting (Sm/Y)1.8 matrix. Both samples, with/without $CeO_2$ additive, showed an onset Tc $\geq$ 90 K and sharp superconducting transition. The critical current density Jc value of the $CeO_2$ addictive were $1{\times}10^5A/\textrm{cm}^2$ in 77 K, 0 Tesla.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2008

Cooperative effects of Rh, Ce and Zr added to Fe-based oxide mediums were investigated using temperature programmed redox reaction (TPR/TPO) and isothermal redox reaction in the view point of hydrogen storage and release. As the results of TPR/TPO, Rh was a sale additive to remarkably promote the redox reaction on the medium as evidenced by the lower highest peak temperature, even though its addition was to accelerate deactivation of the mediums due to sintering. On the other hand, Ce and Zr additives played an important role to suppress deactivation of the medium in repeated redox cycles. The medium co-added by Rh, Ce and Zr (FRCZ) exhibited synergistic performance in the repeated isothermal redox reaction, and the amount of hydrogen produced in the water splitting step at 623 K was highly maintained at ca. $17\;mmol{\cdot}g^{-1}-Fe$ during three repeated redox cycles.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2012

The heavy-fermion compound $CeRhIn_5$ is a prototypical antiferromagnet where Ce 4f moments align antiferromagnetically below 3.8 K. When doped with Hg, the antiferromagnetic transition $T_N$ initially decreases, becomes flat, and increases again with further increasing Hg concentration. Here we report pressure effects on the electrical resistivity of a 0.45 % Hg-doped $CeRhIn_5$, where $T_N$ is 3.4 K and the magnetic structure is same as that of the undoped compound with Q=(1/2, 1/2, 0.298). With increasing pressure, $T_N$ is suppressed and a superconducting state emerges. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity near an optimal pressure shows a power-law behavior that deviates from a $T^2$ dependence, indicating presence of abundant quantum fluctuations near the optimal pressure.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.339-339
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• 2010

The metallic nanoparticles (Pt, Au, Ag. Cu, etc.) supported on ceria-titania mixed oxide exhibit a high catalytic activity for the water gas shift reaction ($H_2O\;+\;CO\;{\leftrightarrow}\;H_2\;+\;CO_2$) and the CO oxidation ($O_2\;+\;2CO\;{\leftrightarrow}\;2CO_2$). It has been speculated that the high catalytic activity is related to the easy exchange of the oxidation states of ceria ($Ce^{3+}$ and $Ce^{4+}$) on titania, but very little is known about the ceria titanium interaction, the growth mode of metal on ceria titania complex, and the reaction mechanism. In this work, the growth of $CeO_x$ and Au/$CeO_x$ on rutile $TiO_2$(110) have been investigated by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), and DFT calculation. In the $CeO_x/TiO_2$(110) systems, the titania substrate imposes on the ceria nanoparticles non-typical coordination modes, favoring a $Ce^{3+}$ oxidation state and enhancing their chemical activity. The deposition of metal on a $CeO_x/TiO_2$(110) substrate generates much smaller nanoparticles with an extremely high activity. We proposed a mechanism that there is a strong coupling of the chemical properties of the admetal and the mixed-metal oxide: The adsorption and dissociation of water probably take place on the oxide, CO adsorbs on the admetal nanoparticles, and all subsequent reaction steps occur at the oxide-admetal interface.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.399-402
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• 2019

The electromagnetic properties of heavy fermion $CePd_2Si_2$ are investigated using density functional theory using the local density approximation (LDA) and LDA+U methods. The Ce f-bands are located near the Fermi energy and hybridized with the Pd-3d states. This hybridization plays an important role in generating the physical characteristics of this compound. The magnetic moment of $CePd_2Si_2$ calculated within the LDA scheme does not match with the experimental result because of the strong correlation interaction between the f orbitals. The calculation shows that the specific heat coefficient underestimates the experimental value by a factor of 5.98. This discrepancy is attributed to the formation of quasiparticles. The exchange interaction between the local f electrons and the conduction d electrons is the reason for the formation of quasiparticles. The exchange interaction is significant in $CePd_2Si_2$, which makes the quasiparticle mass increase. This enhances the specific heat coefficient.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.320-324
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• 2013

$CeO_2$의 첨가가 $CeO_2-TiO_2$계 SCR촉매 활성에 미치는 영향을 구조적, 형상학적, 물리화학적 분석을 통해 규명하였다. 순수한 $TiO_2$ 분말과 10, 20, 30 wt%의 $CeO_2$를 첨가한 $CeO_2-TiO_2$ 분말을 졸겔법으로 합성한 결과, 분말 모두 $TiO_2$의 아나타제 (anatase)상을 나타내었고 $CeO_2$를 첨가할수록 $TiO_2$ 표면에 결정성이 낮은 $CeO_2$가 분산되어 피크강도가 낮아짐을 확인하였다. 순수한 $TiO_2$의 비표면적이 $60.6306m^2/g$인데 반해 $CeO_2-TiO_2$의 비표면적은 30 wt%의 $CeO_2$를 첨가한 경우 $116.2791m^2/g$으로 비표면적이 증가하였고 따라서 첨가된 $CeO_2$가 $TiO_2$의 응집을 억제한 것으로 예상된다. $NO_x$ 제거효율은 30 wt% $CeO_2-TiO_2$ 촉매가 $300^{\circ}C$에서 98 %로 다른 분말보다 높은 효율을 나타내는데 이는 FT-IR을 이용하여 촉매의 산점 변화를 확인한 결과 30 wt% $CeO_2-TiO_2$ 분말의 경우가 다른 분말들에 비해 산점이 상대적으로 많았기 때문이다. 따라서 졸겔법으로 합성한 SCR용 $CeO_2-TiO_2$계 촉매에서 $CeO_2$의 첨가는 $TiO_2$의 입성장을 억제하여 비표면적을 증가시키고 $Br{\Phi}nsted$ 및 Lewis 산점을 증가시킴으로써 촉매 효율을 향상시켰다고 판단된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.4071-4075
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• 2016

Background: FDG PET/CT is at an equivocal stage to recommend for staging of colorectal cancer as compared to contrast-enhanced CT (ceCT). This study was intended to evaluate the value of FDG PET/ceCT in colorectal cancer staging as compared to ceCT alone. Materials and Methods: PET/ceCT was performed for 61 colorectal cancer patients who were prospectively enrolled in the study. Three patients were excluded due to loss to follow-up. PET/ceCT findings and ceCT results alone were read separately. The treatment planning was then determined by tumor board consensus. The criteria for T staging were determined by the findings of ceCT. Nodal positive by PET/ceCT imaging was determined by visual analysis of FDG uptake greater than regional background blood pool activity. The diagnostic accuracy of T and N staging was determined only in patients who received surgery without any neoadjuvant treatment. Results: Of 58 patients, there were 40 with colon cancers including sigmoid cancers and 18 with rectal cancers. PET/ceCT in pre-operative staging detected bone metastasis and metastatic inguinal lymph nodes (M1a) that were undepicted on CT in 2 patients (3%), clearly defined 19 equivocal lesions on ceCT in 18 patients (31%) and excluded 6 metastatic lesions diagnosed by ceCT in 6 patients (10%). These resulted in alteration of management plan in 15 out of the 58 cases (26%) i.e. changing from chemotherapy to surgery (4), changing extent of surgery (9) and avoidance of futile surgery (2). Forty four patients underwent surgery within 45 days after PET/CT. The diagnostic accuracy for N staging with PET/ceCT and ceCT alone was 66% and 48% with false positive rates of 24% (6/25) and 76% (19/25) and false negative rates of 47% (9/19) and 21% (4/19), respectively. All of the false negative lymph nodes from PET/ceCT were less than a centimeter in size and located in peri-lesional regions. The diagnostic accuracy for T staging was 82%. The sensitivity of the peri-lesional fat stranding sign in determining T3 stage was 94% and the specificity was 54%. Conclusions: Our study suggested promising roles of PET/ceCT in initial staging of colorectal cancer with better diagnostic accuracy facilitating management planning.