• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2010

Distribution of foodborne E. coli strains, antimicrobial resistant genes and antimicrobial susceptibility have been carried out on E. coli isolated from commercial and cooked foods distributed food in Seoul. Of total 1,313 samples, fifty samples(3.8%) were found E. coli that included one of the ETEC and EPEC, respectively. The serotype of ETEC in seasoning raw meat was E. coli O26 and produced Verotoxin 2. Fifty percentage of total isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents. Specially, there were ampicillin(36%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(32%) and tetracycline(22%) etc. Resistant gene (tetB) were found in four tetracycline resistant E. coli strains, and TEM gene was found in one ampicillin resistant E. coli isolate.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.126-131
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• 1997

To overcome the problems of the resistance to clavulanic acid, many researchers are developing novel inhibitors that are not sensitive to new mutant ${\beta}$-lactamases. In order to evaluate newly synthesized compound CH2150 (Sodium (3S.5R)-6(Z)-[1-{1-(2-{2-benzoxazoly}thioethyl)-l.2,3-txiazol-4-yl}methylene] penicillanate-1,1-dioxide) as a ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitor, we examined inhibitory activity of CH2150 against ${\beta}$-lactamases of clinical isolates resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam(12 strains of Escherichia coli and 13 strains of Staphylococcus aureus), and compared with that of sulbactam. Nitrocefin was used as substrate for ${\beta}$-lactamases, and the increase of absorbance was measured spectrophotometerically at 482 nm. ${\beta}$-Lactarnase inhibition of CH2150 against ${\beta}$-lactamases was 73 ~ 96% in E. coli and 76 ~ 79% in S. aureus. Comparatively, that of sulbactam was 96 ~ 100% and 96 ~ 100%, respectively. The inhibitory activity of CH2150 was slightly lower than that of sulbactam. The MIC values of ampicillin combined with CH2150 (2:1) for the clinical isolates were 4~512 ${\mu}$g/ml for E. coli and 1.0 ~ 64 ${\mu}$g/ml for S. aureus, whereas 0.5~16 ${\mu}$g/ml for E. coli and 0.25~8 ${\mu}$g/ml for S. aureus when combined with sulbactam (2:1).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterococci in cheese samples and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance profiles as well as the associated resistance genes. A total of 139 enterococci were isolated from 99 cheese samples, the isolates were identified as E. faecalis (61.2%), E. faecium (15.1%), E. gallinarum (12.9%), E. durans (5.0%), E. casseliflavis (2.9%) and E. avium (2.9%). The most frequent antimicrobial resistance observed in enterococci isolates was to lincomycin (88.5%), followed by kanamycin (84.2%), gentamycin (low level, 51.1%), rifampin (46.8%) and tetracycline (33.8%). Among the isolates, the frequencies of high level gentamycin and streptomycin resistant enterococci strains were 2.2% and 5.8%, respectively. Apart from the mentioned antibiotics, low levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol were found. Moreover no resistance was observed against penicillin and ampicillin. The antimicrobial resistance genes including tetM, tetL, ermB, cat, aph(3’)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia and aac(6’)-Ieaph(2”)-Ia were found in enterococci from Turkish cheese samples. In the current study, we provided data for antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of resistance genes among enterococci. Regulatory and quality control programs for milk and other dairy products from farms to retail outlets has to be established and strengthened to monitor trends in antimicrobial resistance among emerging food borne pathogens in Turkey.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.268-279
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• 2023

The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh produces a diverse range of antibiotics for human and animal use, however, waste disposal management is inadequate. This results in substantial quantities of antibiotics being discharged into water bodies, which provide suitable environment for the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, capable of spreading resistance genes. This study intended for exploring the bacterial antibiotic resistance profile in adjoining aquatic environmental sources of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh. Seven surface water samples were collected from the vicinity of two pharmaceutical industries located in the Savar area and 51 Escherichia coli isolates were identified using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the highest percentage of resistance against ampicillin, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid (100%) and the lowest resistance against meropenem (1.96%) out of sixteen different antibiotics tested. 100% of the study E. coli isolates were observed with Multidrug resistance phenotypes, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) value ranging from 0.6-1.0. Furthermore, 69% of the isolates were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) positive as per the Double Disk Diffusion Synergy Test (DDST). ESBL resistance genes bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M-13, bla_CTX-M-15, and bla_SHV were detected in 70.6% (n = 36), 60.8% (n = 32), 54.9% (n = 28), and 1.96% (n = 1) of the isolates, respectively, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Additionally, 15.68% (n = 8) of the isolates were positive for E. coli specific virulence genes in PCR. These findings suggest that pharmaceutical wastewater, if not properly treated, could be a formidable source of antibiotic resistance spread in the surrounding aquatic environment. Therefore, continued surveillance for drug resistance among bacterial populations around drug manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh is necessary, along with proper waste disposal management.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2002

In order to investigate the classification and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species,718 isolates were isolated from patient in Seoul from 1996 to 2001. The two hundred and ninety eight isolates (41.5%) were identified as Sal. Enteritidis, followed by Sal. Typhi 218 isolates (30.4%), and Sal. Typhimurium 87 isolates (12.1%). The identified Salmonella species were most resistant to tetracycline (32.7%), followed by streptomycin (28.0%), ticarcillin (18.1%) and ampicillin (12.4%). Among isolates,34.7% of Sal. Enteritidis were resistant to tetracycline, 32.3% to streptomycin,23.2% to ticarcillin,13.5% to ampicillin, respectively. 13.8% of Sal. Typhi were resistant to streptomycin,10.6% to tetracycline, respectively.66.7% of Sal. Typhimurium were resistant to tetracycline, 42.5% to streptomycin, 28.7% to ticarcillin, 26.4% to ampicillin and 17.2% to chloramphenicol, respectively. Of 718 isolates, 324 isolates (45.1%) were resistant to 1 or more drugs and 64 isolates (19.8%) were resistant to 1 drug, 132 isolates (40.7%) were resistant to 2 drugs,50 isolates (15.4%) were resistant to 3 drugs, 27 isolates (8.3%) to 4 drugs,27 isolates (8.3%) to 5 drugs,22 Isolates (6.8%) to 6 drugs. The most prevalent multiple resistant pattern was tetracycline-kanamycin (35.5%), followed by tetracycline-kanamycin-ticarcillin (8.3%), and tetracycline-kanamycin-ticarcillin-ampicillin (7.4%) . Antibiotic resistant rate of Sal. Typhimurium was 73.6%,1311owe4 by Sal. Enteritidis 53.7% and Sal. Typhi 19.3%. Most Sal. Enteritidis was resistant to 1 drug o.2 drugs, whereas Sal. Typhi. and Sal.. Typhunurium were more .resistant to 5 (16.7%) or 6 drugs (26.6%). The old generation antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin were annually more resistant than the new generation antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin or cefoxitin.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.897-904
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• 1995

Two giant pandas, which come from China have been roared in Yong-in Farmland zoo since 1994. One of them, which is female and 2 years old showed anorexia, mucous diarrhea and severe abdominal pain. It revealed neutrophilia and hypokalemia which suggested inflammation and loss of electrolytes by diarrhea. The mucous material contained intestinal mucoid epithelim which was infected Gram negative bacilli and infiltrated with neutrophils. The antibacterial therapy with nafcillin and ampicillin was not successful. Yersinia entrocolitica was implicated as a causative organism in the occurrence of bacterial enteritis. This organism had resistance to ampicillin, chlorampenicol, cefalothin, tetracycline, trimetoprim-sul-famethoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, carbanicillin and danofloxacin. It responded to the simultaneous administration of cefopherazone, flunixin-meglumine, physiological saline, Lactate Rainger's solution, sodium bicarbonate, KCL and vitamins and recovered after a period of 30days.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.870-877
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• 2020

Twenty-three Bacillus cereus strain isolated from commercial jeotgal were investigated for 11 toxin genes and susceptibility to 25 different antimicrobials. The hemolytic enterotoxins hblA, hblC, and hblD were detected in 13.0%, and non-hemolytic enterotoxins nheA, nheB, and nheC were detected in 26.1%, 100%, and 100% of the isolates, respectively. The positive rates of cytK, entFM, becT, hlyII, and ces were 73.9%, 60.9%, 26.1%, 8.7%, and 0.0%, respectively. According to the disk diffusion susceptibility test, all of the strains studied were resistant to cefuroxime, followed by cefoxitin (78.3%), oxacillin (78.3%), ampicillin (69.6%), penicillin G (69.6%), and amoxicillin (65.2%). However, all the strains were susceptible to 11 other antimicrobials, including amikacin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. The average minimum inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cefuroxime against B. cereus were 462.9, 235.0, and 135.0 ㎍/mL, respectively. These results highlight the need for sanitizing commercial jeotgal, and provide evidence to help reduce the risk of jeotgal contamination by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.391-402
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• 2018

The aim of the present work was to provide information about Enterococcus strains isolated from pre-packaged chicken samples in Ankara (Turkey), focusing on their prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and antibiotic resistance. We report the first study on the occurrence of antibiotic resistant enterococci in pre-packaged chicken samples in Ankara. A total of 97 suspicious enterococcal isolates were identified from 122 chicken samples. All isolates were identified to species level by phenotypic and molecular methods. In the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, Enterococcus faecium (61.85%) and Enterococcus faecalis (38.15%) were found to be the most frequently detected Enterococcus spp. Of the 97 isolates tested for hemolytic activity, 12.37% enterococcal strains were ${\beta}$-hemolytic. ${\beta}$-Hemolysin was most prevalent among E. faecium (58.33%) compared to E. faecalis (41.66%). Disk diffusion method was used for determining of antibiotic resistance. The analysis of the antimicrobial resistance of the 97 Enterococcus isolates revealed that the resistance to kanamycin (98.96%), rifampicin (80.41%) and ampicillin (60.82%) was most frequent. Furthermore, resistance to erythromycin (38.14%) and ciprofloxacin (34.02%) was also observed. The frequencies of resistance to tetracycline (9.27%), penicillin G (8.24%), and chloramphenicol (3.09%), gentamicin (2.06%) and streptomycin (1.03%) were low. None of the isolates was resistant to vancomycin. Multi-drug resistance was found in 97.93% of Enterococcus strains. E. faecium strains showed a more resistant phenotype than E. faecalis strains according to the antibiotic resistance levels. The results of this study indicated that chicken meat is a potential reservoir for the transmission of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.508-515
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• 2014

The contamination status of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in commercially valuable shellfish from the south and west coasts of Korea and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated V. parahaemolyticus were investigated from July through October, 2011. The range of V. parahaemolyticus concentrations in oysters Crassostrea gigas and short neck clams Venerupis philippinarum was <30~290 MPN/100 g and <30~46,000 MPN/100 g, respectively, and greater than 10,000 MPN/100 g of V. parahaemolyticus was detected from 7 of 40 short neck clams. During the survey period, 436 strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated (129 from oysters and 307 from short-neck clams) and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of all of the isolates were examined. Antimicrobial resistance against at least one antibiotic was seen in 79.8% of the oyster isolates (103 strains) and 63.8% of the short neck clam isolates (196 strains). The antimicrobial resistance patterns were relatively simple because the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was simply due to resistance to ampicillin. Only one oyster isolate and three short neck clam isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance, i.e., resistance against more than four antibiotics.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 1990

These studies were made to assess the present stage of resistance of Shigella species to antibiotics and to find characteristics of R-plasmid of these bacteria. From 1986 to 1988, 125 strains of Shigella species were isolated from patients specimens collected in Chung Cheong-do Hospital, Kyunghee Medical Center, city an provincial health & environmental institutes. These specimens were tested for resistance to 12 kinds of antimicrobial agents by agar dilution method. Using Muller-Hinton agar for the assay of drug resistance and Trypticane Soy Broth as propagating medium for conjugation. All the strains (100%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Drug resistance patterns of isolated strains were found as the highest resistance to ampicillin (98%) in 1986, to tetracycline (98%) in 1987, to tetracycline (100%) in 1988, all strains were sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin. Chronologically, resistance decreased gradually as it was shown in relation to kanamycin, rifampicin in 1986, 1987 and 1988, (4%, 2%) (4%, 2%) (0%, 0%) respectively. But, resistance was increased year by year as it was shown in relation to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, streptomycin in 1986, 1987, 1988 (89%, 19%, 45%) (98%, 46%, 71%) and (100%, 58%, 88%). The resistance in correlation to more than 5 drugs, which was 13 strains among 47 strains in 1986, 38 strains among 87 strains in 1987, 23 strains among 26 strains in 1988, was increased gradually. In the transfer test of drug resistance by conjugation methods, the rate which was 3 strains (50%) in 1986, 8 strains (62%) in 1987, 3 strains (100%) in 1988, was increased gradually. When the donor strains were conjugated with the recipient strains, the conjugation rate was high in the multiple resistant strains. The relationships of transferring patterns of drug resistance and molecular weight of R-plasmid were variable. However, only a plasmid which has more than 35 Mgd was transferred.