• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 1994

Pulmonary Aspergillomas usually arise from proliferation of Aspergillus in preexisting parenchymal cavities.202 college students (99 men, 103 women) aged 18 to 26 years. Fasting blood samples were. The most common symptom in this disorder is hemoptysis, which may be minimal in amount or it may be massive & life threatening. The optimum therapy for pulmonary aspergilloma is controversial. The major options available include surgical resection of the lesion, a number of medical therapies, or simple observation of the patient for a time. Surgery is the most effective treatment but it is limited to some patient because most patients have underlying pulmonary disease. Thus the various form of medical therapy was available with successful result. The authors present a case of percutaneous intracavitary amphoterician B injection for the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma & its successful effect for the repetitive hemoptysis.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 1997

Candida albicans is now well recognized among the denture stomatitis patients. The broth macrodilution test is the most widely used technique for antifungal susceptibility testing. The purpose of this study was to determine the C. albicans carrier rate of the denture patients in Iksan, chonbuk. To determine the C. albicans carrier rate of denture patients, culture were made from 227 sample taken in Iksan, Chonbuk during July 1997 to August 1997. Also activities of amphotericin B and miconzole against isolates of denture patients of C. albicans were tested by broth macrodilution test using RPMI medium 1640. The results were as follows : First C. ablicans was isolated from 6.6% of denture patients samples and the frequency of isolation fo C. albicans was highest(50%) in the age group of 71-year-old to 80-year-old denture patients. Second, against C. albicans, the MIC range of amphotericn B was $0.06{\sim}0.25{\mu}g/ml$. MIC50 and MIC90 were $0.13{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.25{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Third, the MIC range of miconazole was $10-{\ge}20{\mu}g/ml$ and MIC50 and MIC90 were $20{\mu}g/ml$ and ${\ge}20{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. It was concluded from this study that C. albicans acrriages from healthy denture individuals only over 60-year-old ages were isolated, they remain susceptible to amphotericin B and not rarely resistant to miconzole.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 1992

The most common symptom associated with an pulmonary aspergilloma is hemoptysis, with estimates of frequency ranging from 50 to 85 percent of patients. Hemoptysis may be infrequent and minimal in amount or it may be severe with a fatal outcome. The major options available for the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma include sugical resection of the lesion, a number of medical therapies, or simple observation of the patient for a time. Surgery is the treatment of choice but it is not feasible in some patients who have diffuse or advanced pulmonary disease that makes them poor candidates for thoracotomy. As an alternative to it, some categories of therapy including bronchial artery embolization and parenteral or endobronchial administration of antifungal drugs were tried without remarkable success. But percutaneous instillation of intracavitary amphotericin B for symptomatic aspergilloma has been reported with better result. The authors present a case of percutaneous intracavitary instillation of amphotericin B for the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma and its successful result for the repetitive hemoptysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 2004

Amphotericin B (AmB), an amphipathic polyene macrolide, is an antifungal drug produced by Streptomyces nodosus. Recently, AmB has been shown to exert antiviral activity against rubella virus and human immunodeficiency virus by different mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral effect of AmB against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and investigated which step of the viral life cycle was inhibited by AmB to understand the mechanism of antiviral action of AmB. AmB reduced both plaque size and number in the infected cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a 200-fold reduction of infectious virus titer was observed by treatment of infected cells with $5\mug/ml$ of AmB. AmB acted at the post virus-infection step, but not during adsorption of virus to host cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the accumulated level of JEV envelope protein dramatically decreased in the infected cells by treatment with $5-10\mug/ml$ of AmB. Our results indicate that AmB inhibits the replication of JEV at the postinfection step by interfering with viral replication and/or by inhibiting the synthesis of viral proteins.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1547-1551
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• 2016

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder resulting from genetic alterations in normal hematopoietic stem cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors and survival of AML patients in the Northeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study covered 96 patients with AML referred to Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad city, Iran, from 2009 to 2015. Age, sex, blood group, type of AML, fever, consumption of amphotericin B, cytogenetic forms and survival were analyzed. Also, WBC, hemoglobin and platelet levels were checked. Mean follow-up was 30.5 months (60.4% mortality). Survival was plotted by GraphPad Prism 5 with Log-rank test. Results: The mean age for all AML patients at diagnosis was 40.4 years (range, 17-77 years). Some 42.7% patients were aged <35 years and 40.6% were male. In all patients, 76% had fever and 50% consumed amphotericin. T(15;17)(q22;q21) had the most prevalence (37.7%) compared to other forms. Out of 92 patients, O+(30.4%) was the most common blood group and AML-M5 (28.3%) the most common subtype. There was a significant difference in survival based on WBC and consumption of amphotericin B (P<0.05). Conclusions: WBC level, fever and consumption of amphotericin B proved to be factors for survival of AML patients. The mean age for patients in Iran is lower than other areas in the World and also survival in this study was higher than in other studies.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.459-463
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• 2010

Amphotericin B (AmB) is anti-fungal agent for the treatment of systemic fungal infections, but its poor solubility has limited clinical applications. In this study, a new gel formulation made up of L-arginine as solubilizer, thermosensitive Poloxamer 407 (P 407), and adhesive carbopol was designed for effective solubilization and delivery of AmB. The aqueous solubility of AmB was enhanced up to 2.6 mg/mL by addition of L-arginine. Aqueous P 407 solutions of more than 20% w/v showed thermo-induced sol-gel-sol phase transition. The phase transition behavior was affected by the presence of AmB and L-arginine, and the phase transition range was broadened by addition of carbopol. In vitro drug release was improved by the solubilizing effect of L-arginine, and the presence of mucoadhesive carbopol prolonged the release rate as a function of concentration.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.400-402
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• 2007

Isolated cerebral mucoromycosis, without rhino-orbital focus, is an extremely rare but life-threatening infection of central nervous system that most commonly found in intravenous drug abuser. We present a case of isolated cerebral mucormycosis diagnosed by open biopsy and treated with amphotericin B. The patient has returned to independent living.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.171-177
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• 2019

Parasitic infections have remained a significant burden on human and animal health. In part, this is due to lack of clinically-approved, novel antimicrobials and a lack of interest by the pharmaceutical industry. An alternative approach is to modify existing clinically-approved drugs for efficient delivery formulations to ensure minimum inhibitory concentration is achieved at the target site. Nanotechnology offers the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs through modification of nanoparticles with ligands. Amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole are clinically available drugs in the treatment of amoebal and fungal infections. These drugs were conjugated with gold nanoparticles. To characterize these gold-conjugated drug, atomic force microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed. These drugs and their gold nanoconjugates were examined for antimicrobial activity against the protist pathogen, Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype. Moreover, host cell cytotoxicity assays were accomplished. Cytotoxicity of these drugs and drug-conjugated gold nanoparticles was also determined by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Gold nanoparticles conjugation resulted in enhanced bioactivity of all three drugs with amphotericin B producing the most significant effects against Acanthamoeba castellanii (p < 0.05). In contrast, bare gold nanoparticles did not exhibit antimicrobial potency. Furthermore, amoebae treated with drugs-conjugated gold nanoparticles showed reduced cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. In this report, we demonstrated the use of nanotechnology to modify existing clinically-approved drugs and enhance their efficacy against pathogenic amoebae. Given the lack of development of novel drugs, this is a viable approach in the treatment of neglected diseases.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2001

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug of choice for the treatment of systemic fungal diseases, but its use is considerably limited due to a high incidence of toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity. It has been demonstrated that the toxicity of AmB is caused by self-aggregated species of the drug and that unaggregated (monomeric) drug is nontoxic but still expresses antifungal activity. Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a water-soluble polymer, which may impact the aggregation state of AmB. We have studied the aggregation state of AmB as a function of PEO molecular weight and concentration. At 3,000 and 8,000 g/mole, there was minimal or no change of critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of AmB regardless of the concentration of polymer. By contrast at 20,000 g/mole, the CAC of AmB strikingly increased to 24.3 and $37.5\;{\mu}M$ at 5.0% and 10 % w/v of polymer, respectively. The critical overlap concentration (COC) of PEO 20,000 g/mole was 5.5%. It appears that an interaction between monomeric AmB and polymer coil increases above the COC, competing with self-aggregation of the drug. Accordingly, the degree of aggregation of AmB stayed low and the toxicity became less. There was no such effect at 3,000 and 8,000 g/mole of PEO, owing perhaps to small dimensions in comparison to AmB. Based upon these findings, less toxic AmB formulation may be developed by a pharmaceutical technique such as solid dispersion system containing both AmB and PEO 20,000 g/mole.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 1994

Lipsome system composed of egg phosphatidylcholine was employed to reduce the membrane toxicity of Amphotericin B(Amp. B). Liposomal Amp. B, which showed a free drug equivalent antibiotic effect on fungi, displayed a remarkable reduction of toxicity of the drug against the membrane of red blood cell than that of fungizone which has been used in clinical treatment, and it shows conspicuously lowered toxicity on red blood cells. However liposomal Amp. B which contains cholesterol as a component of liposome lowered the antibiotic effect and toxicity than that phosphatidylcholine liposome. This due to the affinity between Amp. B and cholesterol. In addition to this, ${\beta}$-glucuronidase from snail juice crude enzyme reveals synergistic effect on liposomal Amp. B and free Amp. B. We also obtained positively raised antibiotic effect, when enzyme which is coupled with palmitic acid using NHSP inserted into liposome bilayer From these results, we suppose that the use of liposomal system in the case of Amp. B shows increasing antibiotic effect and dramatically lowered toxicity, thus, we think that we can solve the problem of Amp. B toxicity, which cause hesitate of clinical use.