• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.599-604
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• 2006

Nitrogen removal with the combined SHARON (Single reactor system for high ammonium removal over nitrite)ANAMMOX (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process using the effluent of ADEPT (Anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment) slurry reactor with very low C/N ratio for piggery waste treatment was investigated. For the preceding SHARON reactor, ammonium nitrogen loading and removal rate were $0.97kg\;NH_4-N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ and $0.68kg\;NH_4-N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ respectively. In steady state, bicarbonate alkalinity consumption for ammonium nitrogen converted to $NO_2-N$ or $NO_3-N$ was 8.4 gram per gram ammonium nitrogen. The successive ANAMMOX reactor was fed with the effluent from SHARON reactor. The loading and removal rate of the soluble nitrogen defined as the sum total of $NH_4-N$, $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in ANAMMOX reactor were $1.36kg\;soluble\;N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ and $0.7kg\;soluble\;N/m^3_{reactor}/day$, respectively. The average $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratio by ANAMMOX was 2.41. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis verified that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis were dominate, which means that they played an important role of nitrogen removal in ANAMMOX reactor.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

This study presents the influence of ammonium-nitrogen on microorganisms in swine wastewater. For the anaerobic batch fermentation, two different methods were used. One is the dilution of wastewater with water. The other method is the elimination of ammonium-nitrogen from the wastewater. By addition of MgO into wastewater, non-soluble crystall was formed under alkaline condition as MgNH$_4$PO$_4$6$H_2O$ (MAP). The master culture was adapted in swine wastewater for more than 3 months, in water-dilution method, the dilution of wastewater with 25% water gave us the best result in efficiency of COD removal. Two hundred hours later MAP-treated wastewater showed the efficiency of the COD removal more than 80%. Under same condition obtained none MAP-treated wastewater about 50%. MAP treatment carried out the very effective anaerobic digestion with swine wastewater. The important result in this study is that the low ratio of C:N influenced on anaerobic microorganisms more than high concentration of ammonium nitrogen in swine wastewater. The struvite for the crystallforming has no toxic effect on methanogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrification characteristics of biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with ceramic media, especially focusing on nitrite build-up during nitrification. When increasing the nitrogen load above $1.63kgNH_4{^+}-N/m^3{\cdot}d$, ammonium removal efficiency decreased to less than 60% and the nitrite ratio ($NO_2{^-}-N/NO_x-N$) of higher than 75% was achieved due to the inhibitory free ammonia (FA, $NH_3-N$) concentration and oxygen limitation. FA inhibition, however, is not recommended strategy to promote nitrite build-up since FA concentration in the reactor is coupled with decreased ammonium removal efficiency. Nitrite ratio in the effluent was also affected by aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. Ammonium oxidation was enhanced at a higher aeration rate regardless of influent ammonium concentration but, the nitrite ratio was dependent on both aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. While a higher nitrite ratio was obtained when BAFs were fed with $50mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$ of influent, the nitrite ratio significantly decreased for a greater influent concentration of $200-300mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$. Taken together, aeration rate, influent ammonium concentration and FA concentrations kept in the BAF were found to be critical variables for nitrite accumulation in the BAF system.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1981

In order to investigate the effects of ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate on the growth and absorption of nitrogen compounds supplied in the medium, Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) calli were suspension cultured in MS medium with various concentrations of ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate. When Korean ginseng calli were cultured with 10 mM ammonium citrate, 10 mM ammonium succinate, and 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control) in MS media as the nitrogen sources, the growth, $NO_3$-N absorption and total nitrogen content of the Korean ginseng cells were greatest in the ammonium citrate and ammonium succinate concentrations. When Korean ginseng calli were cultured with 5 mM ammonium citrate and 5 mM ammonium succinate, the growth and nitrogen content were superior to those of the control: however, $NO_3$-N and $NH_4$-N absorptions were similar to those of the control. In conclusion, the 10 mM ammonium citrate and 10 mM ammonium succinate may be better able to facilitate the growth and $NO_3$

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1988

This study was focussed to compare the concentrations of the volatile oil components of flue-cured tobacco grown by two types of nitrogen-ammonium and nitrate-under vinyl mulching. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The content of nicotine was lower and reducing sugars degraded from starch was higher content in $NO_3-N$ application than $NH_4-N$. 2. The concentrations of furfural, benzyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol in the cured leaf were not different between $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ treatments. 3. Some of the important flavour components-linalool, solanone, damascenone, neophytadiene, and oxyolanone + megastigmatriene-one - had much higher concentrations in $NO_3-N$ than $NH_4-N$ application. 4. In conclusion, nitrate nitrogen was more favorable to decrease nicotine and to increase some important flavour components of cured leaf than ammonium nitrogen.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2019

The properties of microalgae as bioresources for biodiesel production can be improved by adding nitrogen sources into the culture medium. Thus, Nannochloropsis oceanica CCAP 849/10 was cultured in f/2 media supplemented with five different forms of nitrogen at $0.88mmol-N\;l^{-1}$ each: ammonium bicarbonate ($NH_4HCO_3$), ammonium sulfate ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$), sodium nitrate ($NaNO_3$), ammonium nitrate ($NH_4NO_3$), and urea. The cell density, lipid content, and fatty acid profile of the microalga were determined after 15 days of cultivation. The growth of N. oceanica based on cell number was lowest in the medium with $NH_4NO_3$, and increased significantly in the medium with $NH_4HCO_3$. Cells treated with $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, and $NH_4NO_3$ produced the highest total lipid contents (i.e., 65% and 62% by dry weight, respectively). The fatty acid profiles of the microalga were significantly different in the various nitrogen sources. The major fatty acids detected in cultures supplemented with $NH_4HCO_3$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, or urea were C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:5, and C22:6. However, the C16:1 content in the $NaNO_3$-supplemented culture was very low. This study highlights that the nitrogen source can strongly influence lipid production in N. oceanica and its fatty acid composition.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.482-491
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• 2006

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) from substrates with various $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ concentationes, which were generated from piggery waste was accomplished by using anaerobic granular sludge as seeding sludge. As the result of operation, when $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios of ANAMMOX influent were 0.6~1.5, $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios were exhibited 1.19~2.07 (average 1.63). The higher influent $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios resulted in higher $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios by ANAMMOX. It means that $NO_2-N$ concentration is very important factor in ANAMMOX. Specific ammonium removal rate was constantly as $0.03{\sim}0.04gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $35^{\circ}C$ while it was $0.01gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Thus, in order to reduce the effluent N concentration, either an increase of ANAMMOX reactor HRT or more biomass accumulation at the optimal temperature can be considered.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.515-521
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• 1997

Tobacco plant was grown for 40 days hydroponically in nutrient solutions composed of different forms of nitrogen, like NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N, NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, and a mixed formulation of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N and NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N. Uptake response, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activity at growth stage were investigated to understand the basic knowledge of nitrogen metabolism. The better growth of shoot and root was observed in the mixed nutrient solution than NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N or NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, alone. The plant growth in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N nutrient solution was poor due to ammonium toxicity. The pH of nutrient solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N increased up to 40 days after transplanting. But the pH of solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N decreased drastically to 3.42 at 20 days after transplant. The pH in the mixed formulation dropped to pH 3.64 at 30 days after transplant and showed re-increase. It is assumed that nitrogen of NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N form was taken up preferentially at early stage and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N form was taken up preferentially at middle stage in the treatment with the mixed solution. The result indicates that the relative proportion of nitrogen forms affected the uptake patterns at each growth stages. The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were high with the mixed solution. Total nitrogen content was the highest in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N solution and the content also increased by the application of the mixed type of nitrogen. The amount of nitrate in leaves was high in NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N treatment and the amount of ammonium was high in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N treatment. The activity of nitrate reductase or glutamine synthetase was highest in the leaves grown in mixed nutrient solution than in those with any other single of nitrogen form.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.852-859
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• 2006

The novel microbial process such as Anammox(anaerobic ammonium oxidation) and Canon(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite) processes is promising biotechnology to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewater like anaerobic sludge digester liquid. In this research, a new Canon-type nitrogen removal process adopting upflow granular sludge bed type configuration was investigated on its feasibility and process performance, using synthetic wastewater and sludge digester liquids. Air as an oxygen source was provided in an external aeration chamber with flow recirculation. In the first experiment using the synthetic wastewater(up to 110 mg $NH_4$-N $L^{-1}$), the ammonium removal was about 95%(92% for T-N) at effective hydraulic retention time(HRT) for 3.8 days. In the second experiment using the sludge digester liquids($438{\pm}26$ mg $NH_4$-N $L^{-1}$), the total nitrogen removal was $94{\pm}1.7%$ at HRT for 5.4 days and $76{\pm}1.5%$ at HRT for 3.8 days, respectively. Little nitrite and nitrate were observed in the effluent of both experiments. The process revealed quite a lower oxygen($0.29{\sim}0.59$ g $O_2$ $g^{-1}N$) and less alkalinity($3.1{\sim}3.4$ g $CaCO_3$ $g^{-1}N$) consumption as compared to other new technology in microbial nitrogen removal. The process also offers the economical compact reactor configuration with excellent biomass retention, resulting in lower cost for investment and maintenance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 1985

Nitrogen fertilizer effectiveness on rice production was studied to evaluate the different forms and sources. Seven kind of nitrogen fertilizers were applied in two levels, 15 and 30 kg per 10a on Jinjubyeo (Japonica type) in silt loam paddy soil of pot cultivation. The results were summerized as follows; 1. pH in soils was decreased with enhancement of ammonium sulfate application in $NH_4-N$, but it was increased with times after nitric-acid application and PH change in soil was not remarkable when $NO_3-N$ with accessory component was applied. 2. $NH_4-N$ contents in soil were the lowest at 2 weeks after application in N 15kg/10a regardless of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer. $NO_3-N$, in N 30kg/10a, was decreased continuously until 4 weeks, while $NH_4-N$, Urea-N were at minimum during 2-3 weeks. 3. Growth of culm length and straw weight applied with AN (Ammonium Nitrate), AS (Ammonium Sulfate) and urea were superior to the form of nitrate. While NA (Nitric Acid), PN (Potassium Nitrate) and CN (Calcium Nitrate) plot of the $NO_3-N$ was the dominant fertilizers for root elongation. 4. Brown rice yields were increased dominantly by $NH_4-N$ application such as AS or AP than $NO_3-N$ pot. But the yields in case of $NO_3-N$ application CN, PN and NA were decreased. 5. N, P, Mg and Mn content of straw ranked the effectiveness of nitrogen forms as $NH_4-N$, Urea-N and $NH_4-N+NO_3-N$, while K, Ca and $SiO_2$ content of straw in $NO_3-N$ fertilizer plot were high while N, P, Mg, Mn, Fe and Mg were low. 6. Increament of nitrogen absorption in straw was stimulated by enhancement of phosphorous absorption and the growth and yield of rice plant were increased. Absorption of N, P, Ca and Mg was decreased by CN application. Absorption of N, P and Mg also was decreased by $NO_3-N$ application and N, P, Mg or Ca content were seemed to simulated the growth and yield of rice plant. 7. $SiO_2$, Zn and Fe contents of the root at harvest stage were higher than those of the straw. N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe contents were high in $NH_4-N$ and Urea treatment. While K, ca and $SiO_2$ contents, however, were high in $NO_3-N$ treatment.