• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1077-1083
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• 2007

[ $V_2O_5/TiO_2$ ] catalyst impregnated ceramic candle filters are in principle, capable of performing shallow-bed dust filtration plus a catalytic reaction, promoted by a catalytic deposited in their inner structure. Pilot-scale $V_2O_5/TiO_2$ catalyst impregnated ceramic candle filters were prepared, characterized and tested for their activity towards the SCR reaction. The effect on NO conversion of operating temperature, gas hourly space velocity, amount of deposited catalyst, pressure drops and long-term experiment (life of catalytic filter) was determined. The following effects of $V_2O_5/TiO_2$ catalyst impregnated ceramic candle filters in SCR reaction are observed: (1) It increases the activity and widens the temperature window for SCR. (2) When the content of $V_2O_5$ catalyst increases further from 3 to 9wt.%, activity of NO increases. (3) NO conversion at first increases with temperature and then decreases at high temperatures (above $400^{\circ} over), possibly due to the occurrence of the ammonia oxidation reaction.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.451-460
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• 2013

NOx from the thermal power plants are NO and $NO_2$. This work investigated the chemical/physical characteristics and SCR efficiency of newly prepared catalysts including tungsten ($WO_3$), molybdenum ($MoO_3$) and antimony ($SbO_3$) based on vanadia($V_2O_5$) over titania($TiO_2$). As a result of the examination, the surface area of the catalysts promoted with additional metals was larger and the de-NOx efficiency also was enhanced with temperature. The most efficient catalytst was $V_2O_5/TiO_2-WO_3$(10%) at $200^{\circ}C$. Such a high efficiency could contribute to reduce the ammonia slip.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.490-497
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• 2006

$V_{2}O_{5}$/$TiO_{2}$계 선택적촉매환원법(SCR) 촉매는 $SO_{2}$가 존재하는 조건에서 $SO_{2}$의 산화 및 암모니아의 반응에 의해 형성된 황산암모늄염으로 인해 촉매는 비활성화될 수 있다. 본 연구에 의하면, $SO_{2}$에 의한 촉매의 비활성화는 $SO_{2}$의 흡착이후 $SO_{3}$로의 산화 정도에 의존한다. $SO_{2}$의 산화는 배가스 내의 산소 농도에 약하게 영향을 받으며 바나듐 함량에 영향을 받는다. 또한 미반응 암모니아 역시 황산암모늄염 형성의 원인이므로 SCR 반응에 있어서 암모니아 투입비율에 대한 영향을 도출하였다. 황산암모늄염에 의해 비활성화된 촉매가 낮은 SCR 활성을 갖는 이유를 촉매의 기공부피 변화에서 찾을 수 있다. 이러한 황산암모늄염의 분해 반응도출을 위해 TPD (Temperature Programmed Decomposition) 실험이 수행되었다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2014

Urea solution as a reductant of SCR has been widely used to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engine. But it has lots of problems which are freezing at low temperature due to liquid state, deposition of solid formation in the exhaust, dosing device, and complex package such as mixers for uniform concentration of ammonia. In order to overcome these obstacle, ammonium carbonate which is one of solid ammonium materials to produce ammonia gas directly by sublimation process is considered. Simple reactor with visible widow was designed to predict equilibrium temperature and pressure of ammonium carbonate. To simulate real operation conditions under automobile environment, several cycles of heating and cooling condition were settled, two different re-solidification materials were extracted from the reactor and visible window. Analytical study is performed to characterize these unknown materials by XRD(X-Ray Diffraction), FT-IR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and EA(Elemental Analyzer). From analytical results, re-solidification materials from heating and cooling cycles are very similar to original material of ammonium carbonate.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2011

Diesel engines can produce higher fuel efficiency and lower $CO_2$ emission, they are subject to ever more stringent emission regulation. However, there are two major emission concerns fo diesel engines like such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Moreover, it is not easy to satisfy the regulations on the emission of NOx and PM, which are getting more strengthened. One of the solutions is to apply the new combustion concept using multistage injection such as HCCI and PCCI. The other solution is to apply after-treatment systems. For example, lean NOx trap catalyst, Urea-SCR and others have various advantages and disadvantages Especially, Urea-SCR system have advantages such as a high conversion efficiency and a wide operation conditions. Hence the key factor to implementation of Urea-SCR technology, good mixing of urea(Ammonia) and gas, reducing Ammonia slip. Urea mixer components are required to facilitate evaporation and mixing because the liquid state of urea poses significant barriers for evaporation, and the distance to mixer is the most critical that affect mixer performance. In this study, to find out the distance from injector to mixer and simulation factor, a laser diagnostics and high speed camera are used to analyze urea injector spray characteristics and to present a distribution of urea solution in transparent manifold In addition, Droplet Uniformity Index is calculated from the acquired images by using image processing method to clarify the distribution of spray.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2018

Ammonia Adsorbed Fly Ash (AAFA) samples produced from coal fired plants equipped with SNCR (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction) of nitrogen oxides with urea have been chemically analyzed, and their physical and dissolution properties have been investigated. XRD results for the ammonia component in AAFA ascertained that ABS (ammonium bisulfate) and AS (ammonium sulfate) were deposited on fly ash as $SO_3$ reacted with unreacted ammonia at SNCR. SEM and EDS images showed that fine ashes on large fly ash surface of sphere type were agglomerated, due to adhesive role of ammonium salts attached fly ashes. Dissolution test results of ammonium salts absorbed on AAFA in distilled water or sea water showed that the proportion of un-ionized $NH_3$ to $NH_4{^+}$ were primarily a function of pH and temperature. Increasing pH and temperature causes an increase in the fraction of un-ionized $NH_3$. At pHs of 9.6 and 10.7, un-ionized $NH_3$ and $NH_4{^+}$ ions are present in equal amounts at distilled water and sea water, respectively.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.500-509
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• 2013

SCR 머플러 입구와 촉매사이에 설치되는 다공튜브 형상변화에 따른 촉매 삽입형 urea-SCR 머플러 내부유동특성이 해석적으로 조사되었다. 다공튜브는 요소수 분무와 배기가스 혼합물의 공간분포 향상을 통한 $NO_x$ 저감율 증대 및 암모니아 슬립을 방지하기 위해 사용되는 장치이다. 다공튜브 오리피스 면적비 변화가 챔버 내부 유동 및 촉매 전후단의 속도분포에 끼치는 영향이 조사되었으며, 속도분포에 대한 균일도 지수가 최적설계 관점에서 평가되었다. 해석은 상용 유동해석 프로그램을 이용하여 정상상태에서 수행되었으며 요소수 분무와 배기가스 혼합물 대신 상온의 공기가 작동유체로 사용되었다. 해석결과로부터 다공튜브 형상은 머플러 입구와 촉매 전단 사이에 형성된 챔버 내 벌크 선회유동과 촉매 전후단 속도분포의 균일도지수에 큰 영향을 끼침을 알 수 있었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2020

아산화질소(N₂O)는 6대 온실가스 중 하나로 이산화탄소(CO₂)의 310배에 해당하는 지구온난화지수(global warming potential, GWP)를 나타내어 N₂O를 저감하는 것은 필수적이다. 선택적 촉매환원법(selective catalytic reduction, SCR)은 대기오염 물질의 하나인 NOx의 제거를 위해 암모니아를 환원제로 사용하여 무해한 N₂ 및 H₂O로 전환하는 기술로 높은 탈질효율을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 NH₃-SCR반응에서 스팀 처리된 Fe-BEA 촉매가 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 Fe-BEA 촉매는 Fe를 이온교환하기 전, 고정층 반응기로 100 ℃에서 2 h 동안 스팀 처리 되었다. 제조된 촉매의 NH₃-SCR반응 테스트는 고정층 반응기로 WHSV = 180 h^-1, 370 ~ 400 ℃에서 수행되었다. 100 ℃에서 스팀 처리된 Fe-BEA(100) 촉매가 370 ~ 390℃에서 Fe-BEA 촉매보다 다소 높은 활성을 나타내었다. NH₃-SCR 활성에 영향을 주는 원인을 파악하기 위하여 제조된 촉매는 BET, ICP, NH₃-TPD, H₂-TPR, ²⁷Al MAS NMR을 통하여 특성분석 되었다. H₂-TPR결과를 통해 Fe-BEA(100) 촉매가 Fe-BEA 촉매 보다 isolated Fe³⁺의 환원이 더 많이 일어난 것을 확인하였으며, 스팀 처리는 활성종인 isolated Fe³⁺의 양을 늘려주어 활성이 증가한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2007

It is well known that two representative methods satisfy EURO-IV regulation from EURO-III. The first method is to achieve the regulation through the reduction of NOx in an engine by utilizing relatively high EGR rate and the elimination of subsequently increased PM by DPF. However, it results in the deterioration of fuel economy due to relatively high EGR rate. The second is to use the high combustion strategy to reduce PM emission by high oxidation rate and trap the high NOx emissions with DeNOx catalysts such as Urea-SCR. While it has good fuel economy relative to the first method mentioned above, its infrastructure is demanded. In this paper, the number distribution of nano PM has been evaluated by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor(ELPI) and CPC in case of Urea-SCR system in second method. From the results, the particle number was increased slightly in proportion to the amount of urea injection on Fine Particle Region, whether AOC is used or not. Especially, in case of different urea injection pressure, the trends of increasing was distinguished from low and high injection pressure. As low injection pressure, the particle number was increased largely in accordance with the amount of injected urea solution on Fine Particle Region. But Nano Particle Region was not. The other side, in case of high pressure, increasing rate of particle number was larger than low pressure injection on Nano Particle Region. From the results, the reason of particle number increase due to urea injection is supposed that new products are composited from HCNO, sulfate, NH3 on urea decomposition process.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2013

구리-제올라이트 촉매와 Fe-제올라이트 촉매로 과잉산소 분위기에서 일산화질소의 암모니아 선택적 촉매환원반응을 체계적으로 조사하였다. 촉매는 디젤엔진에서의 SCR기술의 적용을 위하여 구리와 철을 $NH_4$-BEA와 $NH_4$-ZSM-5 제올라이트에 이온교환법과 함침법으로 담지시켜 제조하였다. 촉매의 특성은 BET, XRD, FE-TEM과 SEM/EDS를 사용하여 조사하였다. 고정된 반응조건에서 선택적 촉매환원반응의 활성을 조사한 결과에서 구리를 BEA 제올라이트에 이온교환시켜 제조한 촉매가 $200{\sim}250^{\circ}C$의 저온영역에서 탁월한 성능을 나타내었다. $250^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저온에서 구리-제올라이트 촉매가 Fe-제올라이트 촉매보다 높은 반응활성을 나타내었다. BEA 제올라이트에 담지된 촉매가 ZSM-5 제올라이트에 담지된 촉매보다 $250^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저온에서 우수한 반응활성을 나타내었다.