• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1255-1261
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the net flux response of nitrogen compounds (alpha-amino N, ammonia N, urea N, essential amino acids) across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues of mature wethers to increasing level of dietary fishmeal (FM) supplementation. Four wethers (average body weight, 64 kg) with chronic indwelling catheters into the portal, hepatic and mesenteric veins and the abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. A basal diet consisting of 0.7 hay and 0.3 concentrate was fed twice daily with a fixed amount at 1.4 times maintenance energy (1.3 kg/day on a dry matter basis). The supplementation proportion of FM as treatment was 0, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 to the amount of the basal diet to contain 119, 137, 154 and 170 g crude protein per kg dietary dry matter, respectively. Blood flows through PDV and liver did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatments. Both net PDV release and hepatic uptake of alpha amino acid N increased linearly (p<0.05) in response to increased dietary FM, which resulted in similar total splanchnic release of alpha-amino N among the treatments. Similarly, increased dietary FM increased net PDV absorption and hepatic removal of ammonia N linearly (p<0.05). Hepatic synthesis and total splanchnic release of urea N increased linearly (p<0.01) with increased dietary FM, but PDV uptake of urea N did not respond to increased dietary FM. Linear regression equations between the increases in FM N intake and PDV net flux indicated that 0.34 and 0.30 of FM N was absorbed in the form of alpha-amino N and ammonia N, respectively. The results demonstrated that FM supplementation provides more alpha-amino N than ammonia N to the liver, but the alpha-amino acid N absorption is less than the expected metabolizable protein N from FM supplementation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1984

Proximate, calcium, phosphorus and amino acid composition were determined for sardine fish meal (SM), herring fish meal (HM), anchovy fish meal (AM), alaskapolack by-product meal (ABM) and file fish by-product meal (FBM) produced domestically. These fish protein sources were fed to adult male of meat type (Waren G) broiler chicks to determine the true availability of amino acids. The true availability of essential amino acids were closely related to various fish meals with a few exceptions (e.g. valine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine). Average true availability of essential amino acids (9 amino acids) were 95, 93, 93, 91 and 91 percent for AM, SM, FBM; HM and ABM, respectively. Significant differences in the true availability of each individual amino acid were observed among fish meal tested (P＜0.01). Lysine availability was low in HM, ABM and FBM whereas phenylalanine was the lowest in FBM and ABM, respectively. AM showed the highest true amino acid availability among all fish meal tested.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.576-584
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• 2002

Bovine PAS-4 is an integral membrane glycoprotein expressed in mammary epithelial cells. Complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning of PAS-4 was performed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with oligonucleotide probes based on it's amino terminal and internal tryptic-peptides. The cloned PAS-4 cDNA was 1,852 nucleotides (nt) long and its open reading frame (ORF) was encoded 1,413 base long. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that PAS-4 consisted of 471 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 52,796, bearing 8 potential N-glycosylation sites and 9 cysteine residues. Partial bovine CD36 cDNA from liver also was sequenced and the homology of both nucleotide sequence was 94%. Most of the identical amino acid residues were in the luminal/extracellular domains. Contrary to PAS-4, bovine liver CD36 displays 6 potential N-glycosylation sites, which were located, except for those at positions 101 and 171, at same positions as PAS-4 cDNA. Cysteine residues of PAS-4 and CD36 were same at position and in numbers. Northern blot analysis showed that PAS-4 was widely expressed, although its mRNA steady-state levels vary considerably among the analyzed cell types. PAS-4 possessed hydrophobic amino acid segments near the amino- and carboxyl-termini. Two short cytoplasmic tails of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends constituted of a 5-7 and 8-11 amino acid residues, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1332-1338
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• 2003

This study was undertaken to examine the influence of soluble non-starch polysaccharides on growth performance, mucin secretion, and endogenous amino acid flows in weaner pigs. Different levels (0, 4 and 7.5%) of purified corn arabinoxylan (AX) or barley $\beta$-glucan extract (BG) were substituted for cellulose in a purified diet based on starch, sucrose and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein. All diets contained titanium oxide as an indigestible marker. Each experimental diet was fed to five, 6-wk old weaner pigs for 21 days. Average daily gain (p<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p<0.01) were improved with dietary inclusion of 7.5% AX and BG, indicating high degradation rates of AX and BG in pigs. Crude mucin contents and endogenous nitrogen flow were increased (p<0.05) with increased levels of AX, but not with BG. Numerical increases in endogenous amino acid flow (EAAF) were observed with increased levels of AX but no definite trend with BG. Endogenous amino acid flow in pigs fed mixed NSP diets (4% BG and 3.5% cellulose) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those fed 7.5% BG diets. Among diets containing pure sources of soluble non-starch polysaccharides, endogenous amino acid flows were highest in 7.5% AX (p<0.05), intermediate in BG, and lowest in control diet. Increased flows (p<0.01) of threonine, proline and serine in pigs fed 7.5% AX diets are consistent with the increased flow of crude mucin determined in this treatment. In conclusion, mucin and endogenous amino acid flows were increased with dietary inclusion of AX, which could be related to its physicochemical property, particularly its high water-holding capacity. In contrast, $\beta$-glucan, due to its high degradation rate in pig, may be considered as unimportant factor in inducing mucin and endogenous amino acid secretions, at least at levels such as those used in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.165-175
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• 1990

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different carbohydrate and nitrogen source upon the utilization of amino acids in the small intestine of sheep. The results obtained are as follows: 1) For the quantities of total amino acid-N(TAA-N), essential amino acid-N(EAA-N) and nonessential amino acid-N(NEAA-N) passing at the duodenum and ileum except NEAA-N passing at the ileum were no significant differences (p>0.05) between diets. The quantities of NEAA-N passing at the ileum for the diets containing meat and bone meal were significantly higher (p>0.05) than the diets containing soybean meal. The mean values for the proportionate disappearance apparently digested TAA-N, EAA-N and NEAA-N within the small intestine for four diets were $0.692{\pm}0.0449$, $0.702{\pm}0.0132$ and $0.682{\pm}0.726$, respectively. 2) There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in duodenal individual amino acid flow between diets with the exception of aspartic acid and glycine. The amounts of each amino acid in duodenal digesta, expressed as a proportion of the amounts ingested for the four diets, were shown that there were net gains of EAA with the exception of arginine and NEAA with the exception of glutamic acid, glycine and praline prior to the small intestine. 3) Within the small intestine, there were no significant losses of each EAA (p>0.05) but significant losses of aspartic acid and glycine of NEAA between diets (p<0.01). The mean values of the proportionate losses of methionine, alanine and lysine within the small intestine were $0.816{\pm}0.04$, $0.767{\pm}0.04$ and $0.732{\pm}0.01$, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1714-1718
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• 2002

Twelve prepubertal Karan Fries heifers (15 months, $167.7{\pm}13.5kg$) were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 was fed as per NRC requirements and group 2 was fed 20% more protein than group 1 heifers. The experimental feeding was continued until the onset of puberty in both the groups. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals and analyzed for amino acids using HPLC. Group 1 and 2 heifers required $178.6{\pm}33.8$ and $152.8{\pm}33.2$ days of experimental feeding to exhibit first estrus resulting in total age at puberty as $639.4{\pm}27.3$ and $618.6{\pm}24.6$ days in the two groups respectively. The concentration of total amino acids averaged 4.40 and 4.89 mmol/l and those of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was 2.32 and 2.49 mmol/l in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The concentration of plasma essential amino acids i.e. histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were higher (p<0.01) in group 2 than group 1. Plasma concentration of large neutral amino acids (LNAA) was significantly higher in group 2 (1.28 mmol/l) than in group 1 (1.12 mmol/l). Increased levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine are implicated in increased follicular growth and development in prepubertal heifers and resulted in a 26 day earlier attainment of puberty by 26 days in an experimental period of six months in group 2 heifers. Increased concentrations of aspartate and tyrosine in group 2 heifers might be associated with the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus influencing LH release from anterior pituitary in such animals. It is therefore evident that increased availability of certain amino acids in heifers fed high protein diet might have led to early onset of puberty.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.695-703
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• 1999

We have studied the stereospecificities of various pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes for the hydrogen transfer between the C-4' of a bound coenzyme and the C-2 of a substrate in the transamination catalyzed by the enzymes. Stereospecificities reflect the structures of enzyme active-sites, in particular the geometrical relationship between the coenzyme-substrate Schiff base and the active site base participating in an $\alpha$-hydrogen abstraction. The PLP enzymes studied so far catalyze only a si-face specific (pro-S) hydrogen transfer. This stereochemical finding suggests that the PLP enzymes have the same topological active-site structures, and that the PLP enzymes have evolved divergently from a common ancestral protein. However, we found that o-amino acid aminotransferase, branched chain L-amino acid aminotransferase, and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase, which have significant sequence homology with one another, catalyze a re-face specific (pro-R) hydrogen transfer. We also showed that PLP-dependent amino acid racemases, which have no sequence homology with any aminotransferases, catalyze a non-stereospecific hydrogen transfer: the hydrogen transfer occurs on both faces of the planar intermediate. Crystallographical studies have shown that the catalytic base is situated on the re-face of the C-4' of the bound coenzyme in o-amino acid aminotransferase and branched chain L-amino acid aminotransferase, whereas the catalytic base is situated on the si-face in other aminotransferases (such as L-aspartate aminotransferase) catalyzing the si-face hydrogen transfer. Thus, we have clarified the stereospecificities of PLP enzymes in relation with the primary structures and three-dimensional structures of the enzymes. The characteristic stereospecificities of these enzymes for the hydrogen transfer suggest the convergent evolution of PLP enzymes.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.186-190
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• 1992

The compositions of amino acid in the protein and total fatty acid of Dendrolimus spectabilis were analyzed quantitatively by HPLC and GC, respectively. The contents of crude oil and protein from the extracts were 21.00% and 58.47%, respectively. The amount of free amino acids in the protein was 3.65g/100g, and 1.31g/100g of essential amino acids was contained in the free amino acids. The amount of total amino acids in the protein was 41.20g/100g, and 14.75g/100g of essential amino acids were contained in the total amino acid. The compositions of fatty acid in the oil were $C_{18}$=26.81%, $C_{16}$=19.09%, $C_{18:1}$=18.74%, $C_{18:3}$=15.33%, $C_{16:1}$=7.29%, $C_{20}$=5.21% in order, respectively. 45.88% of unsaturated fatty acids were contained in the oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.320-324
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• 2003

The protein hydrolysis with 6 M formic acid containing 0.3% tryptamine was a superior method for amino acid analysis of standard amino acid and protein than 6 M HCI containing 0.3% tryptamine. The recoveries of standard amino acid after acid hydrolysis were more accurate in the 6 M formic acid hydrolysis than 6 M HCI hydrolysis, especially recovery of tryptophan showed higher values of 1.5 times than that of 6 M HCI hydrolysis. The results of analysis on the standard protein, bovine serum albumin, showed very similar values compared to the sequence analysis reported in the literature for the 6 M formic acid hydrolysis than 6 M HCI hydrolysis, especially in the tryptophan recovery as standard amino acid recovery. Butylthiocarbamyl - trimethylsilyl (BTC - TMS) derivatives of 22 standard amino acids were successfully resolved DB-17 capillary column. Excellent reproducibility of standard amino acid recovery and composition of bovine serum albumin were obtained with BTC-TMS derivatives.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2002

The new tridentate poly-amine ligands, N,N-Bis(2-amino-ethyl)-methyl amine${\cdot}$2HBr (BAMA${\cdot}$2HBr), N,N-Bis(2-amino-ethyl)-ethylamine${\cdot}$2HBr (BAEA${\cdot}$2HBr), N,N-Bis(2-amino-ethyl)-propylamine${\cdot}$2HBr (BAPA${\cdot}$2HBr) and N,N-Bis(2-amino-ethyl)-butylamine${\cdot}$2HBr (BABA${\cdot}$2HBr) were synthesized as their dihydrobromic-salt and characterized by EA, IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The protonation constants of the ligands and stability constants of transition metal(II) complexes were determined in aqueous solutions by potentiometry and compared with diethylenetriamine. Stability constants for transition metal complexes of ligands are in the order of BAMA < BAEA < BAPA > BABA. The larger value of stability constants of BAPA compared to these BABA, may be attributed to the more distorted structure of the complex due to the increased steric crowding caused by the presence of the bulky N-butyl group.