• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2007

Purpose: Ths study aims to examine characteristics of patients using emergency room after execution of five-day workweek system by government and provide basic materials for operation of efficient emergency room. Methods: Data were collected tbrough medical records of patients visiting emergency room from July of 2004 to October of 2006 and they were analyzed with SPSSlPC 10.0. Conclusion : 1. The number of patients visiting emergency room was average 16.7 persons a day in 2004, 17.5 in 2005 and 18.6 in 2006 and it was found that it was increasing every year since the execution of five-day workweek system 2. Gender distribution of subjects using emergency room was higher in male than in female every year. 3. Means of transport to emergency room were mostly private car and others(public transport or on foot), but use of ambulance was increasing. 4. Residential areas of subjects were mostly 'Myeon area' in 2004~2005, but it was changed to residents at 'Eup area' in 2006. 5. Distribution of patients by medical departments was highest in internal medicine and surgery in 2004~2006 and rate of visiting pediatrics was increasing every year. 6. Time to stay at emergency room was most at 'below 30 min'. in 2004~2006, but cases of stay for 'more than 2 hours' were increasing every year. 7. On presence or absence of trauma in patients visiting emergency room, rate of visit to emergency room with 'no trauma' was higher and this result was increasing every year. 8. As a result of classifying severity of patients visiting emergency room, use rate of emergency room by 'non-emergency' patients was over 90% in 2004~2006 and such a phenomenon was deepened in 2006 compared to that in 2004. 9. Measures after emergency care of patients were most in case of 'discharge' in 2004~2006, but cases of admission to hospital after emergency care were increased every year. 10. According to use of emergency room by a day of the week, use on Sunday was most frequent in 2004~2006, but use on Friday the day before holiday was increasing. 11. According to distribution by age, use by those between '40~49' was most in 2004~2005, but use by those 'below 10' was most in 2006. 12. According to time to visit emergency room, using emergency room at "15:31~23:30 was most in 2004~2006, cases of visiting emergency room at day working hour were decreased every year and those at evening and night working hours were increased. Conclusion: In sum, it was found that characteristics of patients visiting emergency room and their actual status were changed after the execution of five-day workweek system and efforts to rearrange emergency medical system are required.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.72-79
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to draw the improvement plan through the analysis of problems of main stretchers that are being used by the 119 EMS. In order to find out the problems, we used the literature review and analysis, survey questionnaire and we also made full use of KJ method (Kawakita Jiro method, affinity diagram), graph method, and priority matrix method to produce the improvement indicators. The problems of main stretchers are summarized as follows. they are being recognized as part of the emergency vehicle, they have the imperfection of performance verification criteria, and they cause the injuries of paramedics and patients accidents in operation. The indicators such as the ease of operation, the high performance, the multi-function, the driving performance, the durability and the lightweight, was produced to improve the problems. The results of the interconnection analysis and the applying priority matrix method on the indicators are the ease of operation ${\rightarrow}$ the multi-function ${\rightarrow}$ the driving performance ${\rightarrow}$ the high performance ${\rightarrow}$ the durability and the lightweight in order of importance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high quality CPR using the 4 types of rescue device equipment and chest compressions energy measurement in pre-hospital settings. So, we used the mode to insert load cell in ALS Skill master Manikin to develop CFMM(Compression Force Measurement Manikin) on main stretcher, CPR board, long spine board, scoop stretcher and floor. And, our research team could know that the main stretcher needed average force of 32.55 (${\pm}1.01$) kg, CPR board of 27.23 (${\pm}1.08$) kg, long spine board of 27.13 (${\pm}1.18$) kg, Scoop Stretcher of 27.38 (${\pm}1.05$) kg and Floor of 27.24 (${\pm}0.93$) kg. CPR board must be necessary in the case of CPR on main stretcher in a moving ambulance. But if the condition of patient's back surface is the removable stretcher and the long spine plate, the patient doesn't have to be spent time to use a CPR board. Furthermore, this research suggests to consider that how to take advantage of the education to students for the equipment to check in real time the energy(kg) requirement of chest compressions.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.21-31
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• 2011

This study aimed at evaluating and developing 119 emergency medical technicians' prehospital care for non-traumatic cardiac arrest. Total 322 EMT in Chungnam province and Daejeon city filled out the self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 for descriptive statistics. Among the 322 EMT, 309 (97%) and 169(53%) always or almost performed CPR and AED for nontraumatic cardiac arrest patient, respectively. Among the advanced EMT and nurse, IV were sometimes or not performed at 94.7% and medication including epinephrine which commonly used for survival of cardiac arrest were treated just at 9.3 % (14 person). The reason they did not perform each procedure for airway management, AED or IV was lack of manpower, limit of time or joggle of ambulance and legal restrictions. In conclusion, to increase survival rate of non-traumatic cardiac arrest in out-of-hospital, it is necessary to increase manpower, legal protection of EMS, establishment of standard operating procedure, practice for improvement technique and use of medication for ACLS.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2017

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been successfully used as a method for the interhospital transportation of critically ill patients. In South Korea, a well-established ECMO interhospital transport system is lacking due to limited resources. We developed a simplified ECMO transport system without mechanical ventilation for use by public emergency medical services. Methods: Eighteen patients utilized our ECMO transport system from December 2011 to September 2015. We retrospectively analyzed the indications for ECMO, the patient status during transport, and the patient outcomes. Results: All transport was conducted on the ground by ambulance. The distances covered ranged from 26 to 408 km (mean, $65.9{\pm}88.1km$) and the average transport time was $56.1{\pm}57.3minutes$ (range, 30 to 280 minutes). All patients were transported without adverse events. After transport, 4 patients (22.2%) underwent lung transplantation because of interstitial lung disease. Eight patients who had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome showed recovery of heart and lung function after ECMO therapy. A total of 13 patients (70.6%) were successfully taken off ECMO, and 11 patients (61.1%) survived. Conclusion: Our ECMO transport system without mechanical ventilation can be considered a safe and useful method for interhospital transport and could be a good alternative option for ECMO transport in Korean hospitals with limited resources.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.128-146
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• 2006

The objective of this paper is to examine the proportion and characteristics of non-emergent patients at emergency departments. The observational survey was conducted using a structured form used by emergency medicine specialists or senior residents on June 7-20, 2005. 1,526 patients at ten emergency centers took part in this study. The structural form contained type of insurance, route and means of emergency department (ED) visit, triage based on the Manchester Triage Scale(MTS)-modified criteria, emergency level based on the government defined rule, type of emergency centers (Regional Emergency Medical Center; REMC, Local Emergency Medical Center; LEMC, Local Emergency Agency; LEA), as well as patient's general information. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical program(V.8.2). Descriptive analysis was performed to describe the magnitude of non-emergent patients. ${\chi}^2-analysis$ and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the nonurgent patients' characteristics. In the MTS-modified criteria, we found a 15.3% rate of non-emergent patients. This rate differed from that of non-emergent patients obtained using government's rule. In particular, there were inaccuracies in the definition of government rule on non-emergent patients, so it is necessary to apply the new government rule regarding classification of non-emergent patients. There were significant differences in the rate of non-emergent patients according to type of ED, means of ED visit, time to visit, and insurance. Non-emergent patients are more likely to visit a D-type ED(LEA having less than 20,000 patients annually), not to use ambulance, to have 'Automobile Insurance, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance, or pay out-of-pocket'. Non-emergent patients tend to visit ED due to illness rather than injury. Further studies on the development' of triage scale and reexamination of the government's rule on emergency visits are required for future policy in this area.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 2020

This paper aimed to statistically analyze the impact of fire needs not considered in previous reports based on preventive and preparedness strategies of fire administration and fire budget.. The panel data came from 16 metropolitan councils from 2008 to 2018 and was statistically analyzed based on the preventive measures of the fire administration (agreement for building permission, specific target for fire-fighting, public use facilities, and special fire inspection [SFI]), preparedness of the fire administration (fire safety education [FSE]), response of the fire administration (mobilization for fire suppression [MFS] and mobilization for ambulance service [MAS]), and fire budget. In the results, SFI, FSE, and MFS had a significant negative influence on the fire budget. Meanwhile, MAS had a significant positive effect on the fire budget (p < 0.01). These results reflect public policy in Korea; there has been a paradigm shift in fire administration: from disaster acceptance (focusing on recovery) to disaster response (focusing on field response) to disaster preparedness (focusing on preparedness).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.534-539
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• 2020

Experimental research is needed to provide information on the removal of bloodstains since washing clothes contaminated with blood is necessary for medical related fields (such as ambulance workers and doctors) as well as for women of childbearing age. This study investigated efficient washing conditions for the removal of bloodstains with a focus on washing temperature, fiber type and blood ageing time. Polyester/cotton fabric showed the highest detergency from among three fabrics that were influenced by the composition of the fiber and the structure of the yarn and fabric. When examining the effect of detergent, it was concluded that the alkalinity over pH 10 was essential to remove bloodstains and that auxiliary agents such as soil antiredeposition agents and bleach had a significant effect on the removal of bloodstains. Washing temperature showed the highest detergency at 20℃ due to the activity of the enzyme without the denaturalization of blood. Blood-ageing influenced detergency by inducing changes in the adsorption area and chemical bond. A combination of methods such as quick removal after contamination, use of alkaline detergents including soil antiredeposition agents and bleach, and low-temperature washing could help remove bloodstains.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

The X-ray unit developed by this study is to diagnose emergency cases which is too far from a hospital and to classify the patients. We have to use the X-ray in a ambulance or the scene of an accident where we cannot use the AC220 outlet because of the distance from a hospital as well. The X-ray unit developed has a characteristics as follows. First of all, as the unit has a condenser in itself where there is no electric supply, we can use the X-ray inspector in a mountain area or a island. Second, we can detect by digital detector the information taken by X-ray from DC 12[V] electricity and store as a form of file. A control circuit can secure the reliability of the X-ray unit by using the Pic16F84A X-ray and provide various functions. The X-ray unit which suits remote emergency system can be efficiently used for the emergent cases who is too far from a doctor and a hospital or in the situation where it is difficult to diagnose, transcribe and treat simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.374-380
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed the situation of the 119 emergency medical service zone of H town, countryside of Y city from January 1st, 2015 to December 31st, 2016 and then, on the basis of this analysis, we investigated the present condition of the patient-transportation service of the 119 emergency medical service to provide the basic data in order for patients to use the emergency medical service more efficiently. We analyzed the data with SPSS 21.0 using frequency analysis and, after positioning the virtual 119 emergency medical service, we analyzed the data of the transportation time and transportation distance by using GIS. The results of this study show that the use of the 119 emergency medical service for people over 65 years old represents approximately 57% of the total number of patients transported, The average distance and time of the real moving reaction are 6.41 km and 11.86 min, respectively. The distance and time from the pick-up location to the hospital are 18.24 km and 21.52 min, respectively. Given the present position of the 119 emergency medical service, the results of this analysis using GPS show that the (average) distance and time from the 119 emergency medical service to Jang * Ri town are 9.12 km and 12 min, and the (average) total distance and time to arrive at the hospital after the emergency medical service picks up the patient are 36.83 km and 62 min, respectively. In the case of the virtual emergency medical service, the total distance and time required to arrive at the hospital after the emergency medical service picks up the patient are 27.71km and 50min, respectively. The results of this study showed that the present position of the 119 emergency service does not provide the optimum distance and time from the patient's location to the hospital. Therefore, we consider that the repositioning of the 119 emergency medical center is necessary, in order to reduce the time required for the emergency medical service to move to the patient's location and then bring the patient to the hospital.