• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2018

Alzheimer's disease has the significant factors for the both specific and characteristic features according to the disease progressing that are the volumetry and surface area by the brain hippocampus shrinking and thinning. However, we have suggested a shape analysis to calculate the variance by the roughness, coarseness or uneven surface on 3D MR images. For the reasons we have presented two methods: the first method is the distance calculation from major axis to edge points and the second method is the distance calculation from centroidal point to edge points on a coronal plane. Then we selected the shortest distance and the longest distance in each slice and analyzed the ANOVA and average distances. Consequently we obtained the available and great results by the longest distance of the axial and centroidal point. The results of average distances were 44.85(AD), 45.04(MCI) and 49.31(NC) from the axial points and 39.30(AD), 39.58(MCI) and 44.78(NC) from centroidal points respectively. Finally the distance variations for the easily recognized visualization were shown by the color mapping. This research could be provided an indicator of biomarkers that make diagnosis and prognosis the Alzheimer's diseases in the future.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.940-952
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• 2020

The Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease commonly found in the elderly individuals. It is one of the most common forms of dementia; patients with AD suffer from a degradation of cognitive abilities over time. To correctly diagnose AD, compuated-aided system equipped with automatic classification algorithm is of great importance. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning based classification algorithm that takes advantage of MRI biomarker images including brain areas of hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid for the purpose of improving the AD classification performance. In particular, we develop a new approach that effectively applies MRI biomarker patch images as input to 3D Deep Convolution Neural Network. To integrate multiple classification results from multiple biomarker patch images, we proposed the effective confidence score fusion that combine classification scores generated from soft-max layer. Experimental results show that AD classification performance can be considerably enhanced by using our proposed approach. Compared to the conventional AD classification approach relying on entire MRI input, our proposed method can improve AD classification performance of up to 10.57% thanks to using biomarker patch images. Moreover, the proposed method can attain better or comparable AD classification performances, compared to state-of-the-art methods.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2005

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. In the near future AD will be the biggest problem in public health service. It has been widely believed that $A{\beta}$ peptide devided from APP causes apoptotic neurotoxicity in AD brain. However, recent evidence suggests that n99 may be an important factor causing neurotoxicity in AD. Mouse Neuro 2A cells expressed with CT99 exhibited remarkable apoptotic cell damage. We invesgated the protective effects of Ikgiansintang water extract(IGA). Findings from our experiment have shown that IGA inhibits the activities of CT99, which has neurotoxicities and apoptotic activities in cell line. In addition treatment of IGA($50{\mu}g/ml$ for 24 hours) partially prevented CT99-induced cytotoxicity in Neuro 2A cells. As the result of this study, In IGA group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degerneration of Neuro 2A cells by n99 expression is promoted. Base on these findings, IGA may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.448-457
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• 2023

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia, and impaired mitophagy is a hallmark of AD. Mitophagy is mitochondrial-specific autophagy. Ginsenosides from Ginseng involve in autophagy in cancer. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1 hereafter), a single compound of Ginseng, has neuroprotective effects on AD. However, few studies have reported whether Rg1 can ameliorate AD pathology by regulating mitophagy. Methods: Human SH-SY5Y cell and a 5XFAD mouse model were used to investigate the effects of Rg1. Rg1 (1µM) was added to β-amyloid oligomer (AβO)-induced or APPswe-overexpressed cell models for 24 hours. 5XFAD mouse models were intraperitoneally injected with Rg1 (10 mg/kg/d) for 30 days. Expression levels of mitophagy-related markers were analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze. Mitophagic events were observed using transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and immunofluorescent staining from mouse hippocampus. The activation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway was examined using an immunoprecipitation assay. Results: Rg1 could restore mitophagy and ameliorate memory deficits in the AD cellular and/or mouse model through the PINK1-Parkin pathway. Moreover, Rg1 might induce microglial phagocytosis to reduce β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the hippocampus of AD mice. Conclusion: Our studies demonstrate the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in AD models. Rg1 induces PINK-Parkin mediated mitophagy and ameliorates memory deficits in 5XFAD mouse models.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.594-600
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• 2010

As senile diseases increase with the aged increasing rapidly in an aging society, implementation of the aged long-term care insurance have an effect on the aged care and treatment. Though a decrease in prevalence rate can reduce social costs, the significance of that is overlooked. Especially, a program for a slight Alzheimer's disease and senile demetia in the spot of care facilities and welfare organs is nothing or a few programs which use only fragmentary techniques. So, In this paper, we propose a five-senses stimulation program for preventing senile dementia disease. It includes twenty processes stimulating five senses through proper harmony of senile dementia disease prevention techniques - hand exercises(sense of touch), remembrance therapy(sense of sight), cure recreation(sense of taste), music therapy(sense of hearing), gardening remedy(sense of smell).

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.49-66
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• 2016

This study investigated the song-induced autobiographical memory of patients with early Alzheimer's Dementia (AD) by comparing the effects of patient-selected songs (M-AD) versus music therapist-selected songs (M-MT). A total of 19 patients with early AD participated in this study. In the M-AD and M-MT conditions, each participant listened to a song and was instructed to recall memory. The time to recall memory, the specificity of the memory, mood changes, and the type of recalled memory were measured. Perceived familiarity and preference of the used songs and association of the song with the recalled memory were also analyzed. The results of the study showed that the M-AD condition elicited more specific memory and positive mood change than the M-MT condition. In addition, AD patients reported a higher level of familiarity with and preference of songs in the M-AD condition, compared to the M-MT condition. These results indicate that patient-selected songs, which have a personal meaning to an individual, could be effectively used for intervening with memory of this population, which would support music therapists to make better decision with regard to song selection. Further studies would be needed to deepen the understanding of autobiographical memory in older population with cognitive impairment and to propose more effective music therapy strategies for intervening with memory.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2015

Objectives In this study, the authors evaluated the correlation between levels of serum lipid, homocysteine, and folate with volumes of hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) type. Methods The study recruited patients who visited the dementia clinic of Haeundae Paik Hospital in Korea between March 2010 and June 2014. Among those, patients who had taken the neurocognitive test, brain magnetic resonance imaing, tests for serum lipid, homocysteine, folate, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping and diagnosed with aMCI or AD were included for analysis. Bilateral hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala and corpus callosum were selected for region of interest (ROI). The cross-sectional relationships between serum lipid, homocysteine, folate and ROI were assessed by partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results In patients with aMCI, old age (> 80) and APOE ${\varepsilon}4$ carrier were associated with AD [odds ration (OR) : 12.80 ; 95% confidence interval (CI) : 2.25-72.98 and OR : 4.48 ; 95% CI : 1.58-12.67, respectively]. In patients with aMCI or AD, volumes and thickness of ROI were inversely correlated with levels of serum lipid and homocysteine. In multiple linear regression analyses, higher total cholesterol level was related to lower left, right hippocampus volume and left amygdala volume ; higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was related to lower right entorhinal cortex thickness ; higher homocysteine level was related to lower corpus callosum volume. Conclusions Higher serum lipid and homocysteine levels are associated with decreased volume of hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum and entorhinal cortex thickness in patients with aMCI or AD. These findings suggest that serum lipid and homocysteine levels are associated with AD as a modifiable risk factor.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.100-108
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• 2023

Background and Purpose: The efficacy and safety of GV1001 have been demonstrated in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to further demonstrate the effectiveness of GV1001 using subscales of the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), which is a validated measure to assess cognitive function in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Methods: We performed a post hoc analysis of data from a 6 month, multicenter, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with GV1001 (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03184467). Patients were randomized to receive either GV1001 or a placebo for 24 weeks. In the current study, nine subscales of SIB-social interaction, memory, orientation, language, attention, praxis, visuospatial ability, construction, and orientation to name-were compared between the treatment (GV1001 1.12 mg) and placebo groups at weeks 12 and 24. The safety endpoints for these patients were also determined based on adverse events. Results: In addition to the considerable beneficial effect of GV1001 on the SIB total score, GV1001 1.12 mg showed the most significant effect on language function at 24 weeks compared to placebo in both the full analysis set (FAS) and per-protocol set (PPS) (p=0.017 and p=0.011, respectively). The rate of adverse events did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Patients with moderate-to-severe AD receiving GV1001 had greater language benefits than those receiving placebo, as measured using the SIB language subscale.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2018

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of patients diagnosed with dementia or mild cognitive impairment who are treated by means of a blend between Western and Korean medicine. Methods: We searched for outpatients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment by means of a collaboration between Western and Korean medicine from August 1, 2015, to July 31, 2017, through electronic medical records in Wonkwang Hospital. The records were retrospectively analyzed according to the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, pathway of medical care, diagnostic tests, treatment, and medical expenses. Results: Thirteen patients were included in the analysis. Among them, six patients were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, five with dementia, Alzheimer's type, one patient with frontotemporal dementia, and one patient with unspecified dementia. Twelve of the thirteen patients were over 60 years of age. The number of pathways from the Dept. of Neurology to the Dept. of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine was almost the same as the opposite pathway. The most used diagnostic test in Korean medicine was a neuropsychological test such as SNSB, MMSE and GDS. In Western medicine, hematology and neuroimaging were frequently used for patients. Acupuncture in Korean medicine and medication in Western medicine were the most frequently used. In Korean medicine, uncovered service costs were much higher than covered service costs,. whereas, in Western medicine, covered service costs were higher than uncovered service costs. Conclusions: This study describes the basic characteristics of dementia and mild cognitive impairment patients treated by a collaboration between Western and Korean medicine. Based on these results, a clinical pathway of the collaborative practice system between Western and Korean medicine for dementia patients needs to be developed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

Ancient Korean physicians have used several oriental herbs to cure dementia and these effects were described in the Korean herbal books. Some cognitive-enhancing oriental herbs have been widely used as a herbal medicine against dementia. However, few of studies have proved their efficacy in treatment for dementia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of herbal compounds, which are mainly consisted of Uncaria sinensis, Corydalis yanhusuo and Acorus gramineus on learning and memory in Mortis water maze task and the central cholinergic system of the rats with neurotoxic medial septum lesion. In water maze test, the animals were trained to find a platform in a fixed position during 6 days and then received a 60-s probe trial in which the platform was removed from the pool on the 7th day. Ibotanic and 192 saporin lesion of the medial septum (MS) impaired the performance of maze test and degenerated choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the brain, which is a marker of the central cholinergic system. Daily administrations of herbal medicine (100mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 consecutive days produced significant reversals of the neurotoxic-induced deficit in learning and memory. These treatments also reduced the loss of cholinergic immunoreactive neurons in the brain induced by neurotoxin. These results demonstrated that herbal compounds ameliorated learning and memory deficits through effects on the central nervous system, partly through effect on the acetylcholine system. Our studies suggest an evidence of these herbs as treatment of Alzheimer's disease.