• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2001

The pronunciation of English l and r was a consistent problem in learning English in Korea as well as Japan. This problem occurs from the fact that in Korea and Japan there is only one liquid sound. Substituting the Korean liquid for English l and r was a common error. The pronunciation of the dark l causes a further problem in pronouncing the English l sound. To see the relationship between the English l, r, and the Korean liquid sound, an electropalatographic (EPG) experiment was done. The findings were (1) there were no tongue contacts either on the alveolar ridge or on the palate during the articulation of the dark l. (2) The Korean liquid sound was different in the tongue contact points either from English l or r. The English clear l consistently touched the alveolar ridge in the forty tokens, but the Korean liquid sound in the intervocalic and word-final position touched mainly the alveopalatal area. The English r touched exclusively the velum area. The Korean intervocalic /l/ was similar to English flap in EPG and spectrographic data. There was evidence that the word-final Korean /l/ is a lateral.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.28-33
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• 2000

This paper investigates the durational difference between syllable final segment and syllable initial one within word level. The Korean consonant (m) and (nn) were focused mainly. It could hardly say that there was significant difference between preceding consonant and following one, but it was observed that the preceding consonant tended to be shorter than the following one in the (mm) case. This might be explained by the fact that bilabial sound should appear at the first step of language acquisition. This leads to the conclusion that the articulation of preceding (m) shall be easier than others. In the case of alveolar geminate (nn), there was considerable statistic difference between preceding and following segments. It tends to be that the preceding consonant has longer duration.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-49
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the sound distortion following the alternation of the palatal plate thickness, for this study, 3 subjects who were born in Seoul and spoke Seoul dialect were recruited from K university male student population. First, their sounds of /아(a)/, 어(e)/, 오(o)/, 우(u)/, 으($\.{+}$), 이(i)/,에(e)/ without inserting plate were recorded , and then the sounds with palatal plates of different thickness were recorded, respectively. The palatal plates was constructed to cover the alveolar & palatal surfaces of the maxilla with an approximate thickness of 1.0mm, 2.5mm, and thickness of 2.5mm over the alveolar ridge & 1.0mm elsewhere and, named B, C, D-type, in succession. Series of analysis were administered through Computer (16 bit IBM PC/AT) at analyze the sound distortions. These experiments were analyzed by the LPC, Log Area Ratio. The findings led to the following conclusions: 1. Sound distortions were relatively minute in each condition and informations, however, /이(i)/ was the most distorted vowel in all conditions. 2. By and large, sound distortion was large in C, D-types. However, there was no correlation of the distortion rate on the 3 informants, and all tested vowels. 3. It was similar to LPC, Log Area Ratio distortion rates. 4. It was found that the sound distortion wit]1 plate inserted was verified to the numeric value with LPC and Log Area Ratio method.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

Alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/ are learned last for normal children in the speech development process for Koreans. These are especially difficult to articulate for hearing-impaired children often causing articulation errors. The acoustic phonetic evaluation uses testing tools to provide indirect and object information. These objective resources can be compared with standardized resources on speech when interpreting the results of a test. However, most previous studies in Korea did not consider acoustic studies that used the spectrum moment values of hearing-impaired children. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the characteristics of hearing-impaired children's pronunciation of fricative sounds using spectrum moment values. For this purpose, the study selected a total of 10 hearing-impaired children (5 boys and 5 girls) currently in 3rd or 5th grade and attending one of the elementary schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. For the selection process, their age, type of hearing aid, implantation of hearing aid (CI) before two years of age, hearing capacity (dB) before and after wearing the hearing aid, duration of speech rehabilitation, and time of learning alveolar fricative sounds were all considered. Also, 10 normal children (5 boys and 5 girls) were selected among 3rd or 5th grade students attending one of the elementary schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. The subjects were asked to read the carrier sentence, "I say _______," including a list of 12 meaningless syllables composed of CV and VCV syllables, including alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/ and vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/. The recorded resources were processed through the Time-frequency Analysis Software Program to measure M1 (mean), M2 (variance), M3 (skewness), and M4 (kurtosis) of the fricative noise. No significant differences were found when comparing spectrum threshold values in the acoustic phonetic characteristics of hearing-impaired children and normal children in alveolar fricative sound pronunciation according to vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/, and syllable structure (CV, VCV) other than, for M3 in the comparison of groups according to disability. In the comparison of syllable structures, there were statistically significant differences in M1, M2, M3, and M4 with clinical significance. However, there was no significant difference in results when comparing the alveolar fricative sounds according to the vowels.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

Korean alveolar fricatives are late-developing speech sounds. Most previous research on phonemes used individual words or pseudo words to produce sounds, but word-level phonological analysis does not always reflect a child's practical articulation ability. Also, there has been limited research on articulation development looking at speech production by grammatical morphemes despite its importance in Korean language. Therefore, this research examines the articulation development and phonological patterns of the /s/ phoneme in terms of morphological types produced in children's spontaneous conversational speech. The subjects were twenty-two typically developing 3- and 4-year-old Koreans. All children showed normal levels in three screening tests: hearing, vocabulary, and articulation. Spontaneous conversational samples were recorded at the children's homes. The results are as follows. The error rates decreased with increasing age in all morphological contexts. Also, error percentages within an age group were significantly lower in lexical morphemes than in grammatical morphemes. The stopping of fricative sounds was the main error pattern in all morphological contexts and reduced as age increased. This research shows that articulation performance can differ significantly by morphological contexts. The present study provides data that can be used to identify the difficult context for articulatory evaluation and therapy of alveolar fricative sounds.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.333-336
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• 1996

It is widely known that the Japanese alveolar nasal (n) is affected by adjacent vowels in most positions, that is, the variants of the alveolar (n) occur conditionally. The Japanese (n) is palatalized under the influence of vowel (i) or palatal (j). In the articulation of (ni), for instance, the tip and sides of the tongue make wide contact with the palate. It is interesting to know how palatalization occurs and varies during the production in different contexts. In my presentation, the actual realization of the palatalized alveolar nasal in different contexts is examined and clarified by consider me the Electro-palatographic data and examining the articulatory feel ins and auditory impression. As a result, palatalized (equation omitted) occurs either word-initially or inter-vocalically. (equation omitted) in (equation omitted) and (equation omitted) has great palatality. When conditioned by (j), the (equation omitted) in (equation omitted), (equation omitted) and (equation omitted) has full palatality. In each sound the average number of contacted electrodes of the Electro-palatograph at maximum tongue-palate contact is 63 or 100% of the total. To summarize the experimental data, articulatory feel ins and auditory impression, it can be concluded that the (n) followed by or hemmed in (i), (j) is a palatalized nasal (equation omitted).

• MALSORI
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• no.31_32
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• pp.223-238
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• 1996

It is widely hewn that the Japanese alveolar nasal [n] is affected by adjacent vowels in most positions, that is, the variants of the alveolar [n] occur conditionally. The Japanese [n] is palatalized under the influence of vowel [i] or palatal [j]. In the articulation of 'に', for instance, the tip and sides of the tongue make wide contact with the palate. It is interesting to know how palatalization occurs and varies during the production in different contexts. In my presentation the actual realization of the palatalized alveolar nasal in different contexts is examined and clarified by considering the Electro-palatographic data and examining the articulatory feeling and auditory impression. As a result, palatalized [${\eta}$] occurs either word-initially- or inter-vocalically. [${\eta}$] in [${\eta}$i] and 'いに'[$i{\eta}$] has great palatality. When conditioned by [j], the [${\eta}$] in 'にゃ'[${\eta}$ja], 'にょ'[${\eta}jo$] and 'にゅ'[${\eta}jw$] has full palatality. In each sound the average number of contacted electrodes of the Electro-palatograph at maximum tongue-palate contact is 63 or 100% of the total. To summarize the experimental data, articulatory feeling and auditory impression, it can be concluded that 'the [n] followed by or hemmed in [i], [j] is a palatalized nasal [${\eta}$].

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.776-780
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• 1997

Patient with alveolar abscess due to dental caries with severe alveolar bone loss, severe tooth mobility, root resorption need extraction of tooth because it is impossible to carry out pulp treatment and restoration by using conventional method. Early loss of primary molar might cause masticatory interference, extrusion of opposing tooth, problem in maintaining space and interference on eruption of permanent tooth. Especially, early loss of primary second molar before the eruption of permanent first molar might cause space closure by mesially erupted permanent first molar and impaction of second premolar. In such a case, distal shoe space maintainer and removable space regaining appliance was the first choice of treatment. But, distal shoe space maintainer need precise adaptation and might cause chronic inflammation if the oral hygiene is poor. In a case using removable space regaining appliance, patient's cooperation is most important. If the distal root of primary second molar is comparably sound and alveolar abscess with alveolar bone loss is localized at mesial root, hemisection should be carried out for precise guide to eruption of the permanent first molar, restoration of masticatory fuction and solution to the discomfort of the patient

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 1997

The present study was performed to investigate the voice onset time(VOT) of Korean stop consonants as the expanded research of Pyo and Choi(1996) : the intensity, and the air flow rate of Korean stops as the preliminary study f3r the classical singing training. Nine Korean stops(/P, P', $P^{h}$/, /t, t', $t^{h}$/, /k, k', $k^{h}$/) and a vowel /a/ were used as speech materials. CV and VCV syllable patterns were used for VOT measurement, and CV pattern was used for intensity and air flow rate measurement. Five males and five females pronounced the speech tasks with comfortable pitch and intensity : VOT, intensity, and air flow rate were measured. As results, the prevocalic stop consonants showed bilabials, the shortest VOT and velars, the longest one, except the unaspirated stops which showed the shortest was velar /k'/, and the alveolar /t'/ was the longest. Considering the tensity, heavily aspirated stops showed the longest, and the unaspirated, the shortest. Also the intervocalic stops showed similar results with the prevocalic stops, except the slightly aspirated stops which showed alveolar sound was the longest, and the bilabials, which showed the shortest was the slightly aspirated /p/, unlike the prevocalic stops, the unaspirated /p'/ the shortest. All of prevocalic stops showed the highest air flow rate in heavily aspirated stops, the second, thee slightly aspirated ones, and the lowest was the unaspirated stops. And as a whole, bilabials were the highest, and velars, the lowest, except in the heavily aspirated stops, which was the alveolar sound, the lowest. In the dimension of intensity, the unaspirated and bilabials were the highest, and the heavily aspirated and velars were e lowest, except the slightly aspirated stops, which were the bilabials the lowest, and the alveolars the highest.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.291-305
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• 2020

Purpose : The duration of speech segments reflects children's speech motor development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether segmental sound and word duration varies by age among preschool children. Methods : A total of 60 children aged 4~5 years participated in this study. Participants took the picture-naming test to produce single-word speech data. The duration of the consonant at the initial position of the word and the final position of the word, the voice onset time of plosive, the duration of the vowel following the initial consonant, and the duration of the word were measured. Results : As age increased, the duration of the initial consonant, the duration of the word, and the voice onset time decreased significantly. The main effects of age, manner of articulation, and place of articulation on the duration of the initial consonant were significant. The duration of consonants in the nasal sound and plosives and the duration of bilabial and alveolar sound differed significantly between groups. The main effects of age and vocal type on voice onset time were significant. The main effect of age on the duration of the consonant in the final position of word and on the duration of the vowel were not statistically significant. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the duration of segmental sound and the word were associated with speech development between 4 and 5 years old. Accordingly, duration of the segmental sound and the word may serve as an acoustic cue as they reflect speech development and speech motor control maturity.