• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.75-85
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• 2012

This study was investigated to develop an alternative medium for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. The cultivation characteristics for major cultivated varieties of oyster mushrooms were campared with the food waste medium. In addition, water control & a gap formation of food waste is being pointed out as a problem of the medium material. Therefore, certain amounts of earthworm casting were supplied to the food waste medium to overcome the water and compaction phenomenon. This study investigated the use of the total 6 cultivars of oyster mushrooms, the Suhan(PL.1), Chiak No. 5(PL.2), Chiak No. 7(PL.3), Samgu No. 5(PL.4), Samgu No. 8(PL.5), Jangan No. 5(PL.6). In terms of medium, the optimum growth of the mycelium of the oyster mushroom was observed in the beet pulp medium but in food waste, the mycelium's growth was observed as insufficient in the bulk of cultivars. The Jangan No. 5(PL.6) was superior to other cultivars relative to the mycelium's growth. The optimum concentration of earthworm casting added the foodwaste medium was 30%. When Jangan No. 5(PL.6) was incubated in the foodwaste meidum containing 30% earthworm casting, the early days to germination were long, almost double the amount of time than that of the beet pulp medium. However, it was found that the fruit body size was larger than that of the beet pulp by up to 20.5%, and the length of the fruit body was up to 6.2% longer than that of the beet plup. The total yields increased by 60.5%. The analysis results of the oyster mushroom's nutritional contents cultured using the food waste medium, shows that the protein, vitamin A and vitamin E increased 70.6%, 2.4%, 0.8% respectively, the fat decreased by 12.6% and the oleic acid increased in a very small amount compared to that of the beet pulp medium.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.229-241
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• 2003

Background:Autogenous vein is the preferred vascular graft for patients who require coronary artery bypass surgery or peripheral arterial bypass surgery. When an autogenous vein is not available, an allograft saphenous vein can be used as an alternative conduit. Although arterial homograft has been under investigation since the beginning of this century, the viability of endothelial cells and the optimum mode of storage for the venous and arterial allografts is controversial. In addition, with the recently gained knowledge of vascular endothelial functions, such as the production of nitric oxide or thrombomodulin, the viability and antigenicity of endothelial cells are being studied again. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of endothelial cells in the preserved human saphenous veins. Material and Method: The veins were stored in a $4^{\circ}C$ RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640 solution including 10% fetal calf serum, for one, three, five, seven or fourteen days. After the completion of the storage period, the veins were divided into two groups: Group I: studied immediately at $4^{\circ}C$ (cold) storage (I-1, I-3, I-5, I-7, I-14), and Group II: studied after storage at $-196^{\circ}C$ liquid nitrogen tank (cryopreservation) in an RPMI 1640 solution containing 10% DMSO for two weeks (II-1, II-3, II-5, II-7, II-14). Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), frypan blue exclusion testing, and thrombomodulin immunohistochemistry were performed. Result: In a morphometric study using SEM, there was statistically significant increase in Gundry Score in Groups I-7, I-14, II-5, II-7, and II-14 and showed cellular destruction (p<0.05). In the thrombomodulin immunohistochemistry study, there was reactivity in Groups I-1, I-3, and I-5, but the cryopreserved group revealed decreased reactivity (p<0.05). The trypan blue exclusion testing also showed superior viability in cold storage Group I. Conclusion: Venous allografts preserved in a $4^{\circ}C$ RPMI 1640 solution showed well preserved endothelial cellular integrity and thrombomodulin expression at up to seven days of preservation. Although cryopreservation of venous allografts stored in 10% DMSO -RPMI 1640 solution maintained the endothelial cellular structure on SEM, immunohistochemistry from the thrombomodulin and trypan blue exclusion testing showed decreased viability, It remains to be seen whether the decreased thrombomodulin reactivity could be restored, and what the nature to the relationship is between thrombomodulin and long-term patency of allografts.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.595-601
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• 2003

Background: It has been known that the most effective treatment method of hyperhidrosis is video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathetic nerve block. Postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis and anhidrosis are major factors that decrease the postoperative satisfaction. Although sympathetic rami have been selectively blocked to decrease the complications, technical difficulties and excessive bleeding have prevented the universal application. Material and Method: Three pre-fixative cadavers were dissected before clinical application. Bilateral sympathetic chains were exposed in supine position after the whole anterior chest wall was removed. Second and third sympathetic rami were blocked using clips. After the sympathetic chains including ganglia were removed, we evaluated the extents of rami block. Twenty-five patients were subjected to the clinical application. Surgeries were performed in semi-fowlers position under general anesthesia and bilateral ventilation. 2 mm thoracoscopy and 5 mm trocar were intro-duced through third and fourth intercostal space, respectively. Second and third sympathetic rami were blocked using thoracoscopic clips. The postoperative complications, satisfaction, and compensatory hyperhidrosis rate were evaluated retrospectively. Result: Sympathetic rami were completely blocked in cadaver dissection study Hyper-hidrosis symptom was improved in all patients without operative complication. Operative time was shorter than that of traditional ramicotomy. All patients, except four, were satisfied with postoperative palmar hyperhidrosis. Com-pensatory hyperhidrosis was more severely happened in fifteen patients (60%). The remaining six patients had no complaint. Two patients had a minimal degree of gustatory hyperhidrosis. Conclusion: This operative method had shorter operative time and less complication rate, compared with traditional ramicotomy Operative success rate was similar to the traditional syrnpathicotorny; lower extent and occurrence rate of compensatory hyperhidrosis. The thoracic sympathetic rami clipping was suggested as an alternative method for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2004

Background: Patch angioplasty is an alternative surgical procedure to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for left main coronary ostial stenosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of patch angioplasty by analyzing the short-term and long-term results. Material and Method: Twenty nine patients who had undergone patch angioplasty due to left main coronary ostial stenosis between July 1991 and May 2003 were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 53.1 $\pm$12.5 years. There were 8 males and 21 females, and there were 12 female patients who had no risk factor for atherosclerosis. Twenty six (89.7%) patients showed isolated coronary ostial stenosis without any distal coronary lesion. Result: Anterior approach was used in 28 patients and superior approach was used in one patient. Transsection of the main pulmonary artery was used in one patient. Concomitant CABG was performed in 4 patients because of left anterior descending artery lesions in 3 patients and unstable postoperative hemodynamic status in one patient. Hospital mortality had occurred in one patient (3.4%) and late mortality also in one patient, therefore the overall 5 year survival rate was 91.2$\pm$6.1%. Seventeen coronary angiographies were done in 13 patients (44.8%) postoperatively. Two distal patch stenoses, 1 proximal patch stenosis, and 1 new right coronary ostial lesion were identified and 3 percutaneous interventions and 1 CABG were performed during the follow-up period. The overall 5 year freedom from reintervention rate was 82.4 $\pm$ 8.5%. Aortic regurgitation less than grade 1 had developed postoperatively in 4 patients and one patient showed progression of preexisting aortic regurgitation from grade II to III. Conclusion: Patch angioplasty in left main coronary ostial lesion showed acceptable short-term and long-term results in this study. However, restenosis at the patch anastomosis site and aortic regurgitation should be carefully investigated during the follow-up period.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond$^{TM}$) as a topical skin adhesive for pediatric urologic open surgery. Methods: From August 2010 to August 2011, we retrospectively evaluated pediatric patients who underwent urologic open surgery at our institution. A total of 128 pediatric patients with 210 incisions used Dermabond$^{TM}$ for skin closure. Results: We divided the 128 patients into 3 groups according to type of surgery. Group 1 underwent hydrocelectomy (55 cases, 41.3%), Group 2 underwent orchiopexy (43 cases, 32.3%), Group 3 underwent penoplasty (35 cases, 26.4%). One hundred and twenty eight patients who underwent 133 surgeries in total, with a total of 210 incisions visited our outpatient department postoperatively, and a total of 5 wound complications (2.3%) occurred, but were simple inflammations and no dehiscence was observed. When analyzed according to groups, no wound problems occurred in Group 1 (0/55, 0%), one occurred in Group 2 (1/43, 2.3%) and four cases occurred in Group 3 (4/35, 11.4%) respectively. When re-analyzed according to wound locations, one occurred in an inguinal wound (1/120, 0.83%), none occurred in scrotal wounds (0/55, 0%), and four occurred in penile wounds (4/35, 11.4%). In Group 3, the incidence of penile wounds was significantly increased compared to other groups (P=0.008). All 5 wound problems were inflammatory and healed at an average of 13.8 days (13-15 days) with antibiotic ointment application only. Conclusion: Dermabond$^{TM}$ is feasible and safe topical skin adhesive alternative to standard skin suture in pediatric urologic surgery. However, further research about its efficacy and safety could be valuable in the future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.820-827
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• 2003

Background: Mitral valve repair rather than replacement for mitral regurgitation (MR) offers a number of well-accepted benefits. However, the surgical results of repair for mitral valve endocarditis remain largely unknown. Material and Method: Fourteen patients who underwent mitral valve repair for MR caused by mitral valve endocarditis from April 1995 through October 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 9 male patients and mean age was 32$\pm$10 years. Four patients had previous embolism and 2 had active infections. The grade of MR were III in 6 patients and IV in 8. Operatively, mitral annuloplasty was performed in 12 patients and various valvuloplasty techniques were applied in all patients. One patient had immediate valve replacement due to residual MR after weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass. Result: There was no early operative death. Early postoperative transthoracic echocardiography revealed no or grade I of MR and no or mild mitral stenosis in 13 patients. After the mean follow-up of 36 months, there was no late death, and no or grade I of MR in 11 patients (84.6%) and no or mild mitral stenosis in 12 patients (92.3%). Reoperation required in one patient (7.1%). The cumulative freedom from recurrent MR and valve-related reoperation at 5 years were 91$\pm$9% and 75$\pm$22%, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation caused by endocarditis offers good early and intermediate survival and functional improvement without reinfection, and it is an attractive alternative to valve replacement in selective patients with bacterial endocariditis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.3 s.272
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• pp.200-208
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• 2007

Background: The effect of patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) on the clinical outcome following aortic valve replacement (AVR) remains controversial. This study compared the surgical outcomes of AVR between patients with a patient-prosthesis mismatch and those having undergone an aortic annular enlargement. Material and Method: Six hundred and twenty seven adult patients, who underwent AVR with stented bioprosthetic or mechanical valves, between January 1996 and February 2006, were evaluated. PPM was defined as an indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) ${\leq}0.85cm^2/m^2$, and Severe if the iEOA${\leq}0.65cm^2/m^2$ PPM was present in 103 (16.4%, PPM group) patients, and severe in 11 (1.8%, SPPM group). During the period of the study, 21 patients underwent an AVR with annular enlargement (AE group). Result: The mean iEOA of the AE group was larger than that of the PPM group ($0.95\;vs.\;0.76cm^2/m^2,\;p=0.00$). The AE group had longer CPB, ACC and operation times than the PPM group, and showed a tendency toward higher operative mortality (14.3% vs. 2.9%, p=0.06). The SPPM group had higher AV pressure gradients (peak/mean) than the AE group (72/45 mmHg vs. 38/25 mmHg, p=0.02/0.06) and suffered more AV related events (AV reoperation or severe aortic stenosis)(45.5% vs. 9.5%, p=0.03). LV masses were not regressed in the patients who experienced an AV related event. Conclusion: During AVR in patients with a small aortic annulus, annular enlargement should be carefully applied taking into account the high risk of operative mortality due to annular enlargement and co-morbidities of patients. Aortic annular enlargement; however, should be considered as an alternative method in patients expected to have a severe PPM after an AVR.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2008

Background: With increasing coronary bypass and peripheral vascular surgeries, the demand for homologous vascular or synthetic conduits has continued to grow, but wide-spread application has been limited by dismal patency rates. Although cryopreserved allograft valves may provide a suitable alternative, current viability or patency of implanted allograft vascular conduits has been unsatisfactory. Material and Method: We serially analyzed the outcomes of canine femoral artery and saphenous vein allograft implants after storage in either $4^{\circ}C\;or\;-170^{\circ}C$. Result: There were no differences in graft flow rate (patency) (p=0.264), rate of thrombosis (p=0.264), presence of endothelium (p=0.587), or immunohistochemical staining for thrombomodulin (p=0.657) were detected between grafts stored in $4^{\circ}C\;and\;-170^{\circ}C$. Greater flow occurred in the arterial grafts versus the venous grafts (p=0.030), irrespective of the preservation method, with a significantly lower incidence of thrombosis (p=0.030) in arterial allografts. There was a correlation coefficient of -0.654 between thrombosis and positive immunohistochemical staining for thrombomodulin (p=0.006) and a correlation coefficient of 0.520 (p=0.0049) between the endothelial presence and positive immunohistochemical staining for thrombomodulin. The relationship between the presence of endothelium and thrombomodulin expression failed to show any correlation within the first 2 weeks (p=0.306). However, a strong correlation was seen after 1 month (p=0.0008). Conclusion: Tissue storage in either $4^{\circ}C\;or\;-170^{\circ}C$ in 10% DMSO/RPMI-1640 preservation solution preserved grafts equally well. In terms of thrombosis and graft patency, arterial grafts were superior to venous grafts. Considering the poor correlation between thrombomodulin expression and the presence of an endothelium in the implanted graft within the first two weeks, grafts in this period would not be thromboresistant.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

Cryopreservation of poultry semen has been reported, but preservation of female genetic material has not been possible because of the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of the avian egg. Thus an alternative strategy for conservation of oviparous species of animals must be developed. Recent technological developments for producing germline chimeras by the transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) into recipient embryos has enabled the conservation and retrieval of chicken genetic resources in their complete form. In the present study, fertilized eggs were incubated for about 5.5 days to obtain embryos at stage 28. The whole embryo was collected from the germinal gonad using a fine glass micro pipette under a microscope. The PGCs were then purified using MACS method. Two commercially available cryoprotectants (A and B) were used to preserve the PGCs, and EG were used as a control. The average recovery rate of PGCs after thawing was 35.5% and 60.5% with the A and B treatments, respectively. There was no significant difference between B treatments and control, which showed an average recovery rate of 52.8%. However, the recovery rate obtained using A cryoprotectant (35.5%) was significantly lower than using treatment control and B. The average viability of the PGCs after thawing were 77.9% and 77.4% for cryoprotectants A and B, respectively, and the control were was 81.6%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatments and control. It was concluded that all of the available cryoprotectants examined in this study could be used for preservation of PGCs from embryos. Further experiments to produce germline chimera from PGCs preserved using this techniques are strongly recommended.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2009

Xanthii fructus which is well known as "Chang-ihjah" in Korea is the dried fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (or Xanthium sibiricum PATR. Ex WIDD., Asteraceae. XS). Water extract of this fruit has been used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as tympanitis, allergic rhinitis, or ozena as alternative therapy material usually by oral administration in far Eastern countries including Korea. In this study, the effect of XS extract (XS-E) or XS-30% acetone fraction layer (XS-30% AFL) on the differentiation of $CD4^+$ T cells isolated from NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 was investigated. The experimental results showed that $100\;{\mu}g$/mL of XS-E could decrease the production of IL-17 by $CD4^+$ Th17 cells by 2 fold and only $20\;{\mu}g$/mL of XS-30% AFL could inhibit 3.5 fold. The amount of IL-17A and IL-22 mRNA determined by real-time PCR was decreased remarkably when XS-E or XS-30% AFL was treated on $CD4^+$ Th17 cells(p<0.01, p<0.001). The amount of IL-17A protein determined by ELISA was also decreased remarkably(p<0.05, p<0.001). To study the effect of XS-E or XS-30% AFL on the proliferation of Th17 cells, $CD4^+$ T cells of a NC/Nga mouse was firstly differentiated by rIL-6/TGF-$\beta$ and then stimulated by rIL-23. The control group of Th17 cells were doubled every each day, while those of XS-E or XS-30% AFL treated group were shown to be delayed remarkably by these extracts. In conclusion, XS can inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells of NC/Nga mouse and the production of IL-17 successfully, which may be a beneficial result for the treatment of atopic skin dermatitis.