• 제목/요약/키워드: Alternate host

검색결과 28건 처리시간 0.025초

DFT Study for p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Crown Ether Bridged at the Lower Rim with Pyridyl Unit Complexed with Potassium Ion

  • Choe, Jong-In
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제28권12호
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    • pp.2310-2314
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    • 2007
  • Stable molecular conformations were calculated for the p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene crown ether bridged at the lower rim with pyridyl unit (1) in the various conformers and their potassium-ion complexes. The structures of three distinct conformations have been optimized using DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method. Relative stability of free host 1 is in following order: cone (most stable) > partial-cone > 1,3-alternate conformer. For two different kinds of complexation mode, the potassium cation in the crown-ether moiety (cr) has much better complexation efficiency than in the benzene-rings (bz) pocket for all three kinds of conformation of host molecule 1. The relative stability of complex (1+K+) in the cr-binding mode is in following order: partial-cone (most stable) ~ cone > 1,3-alternate conformer.

Ab Initio Study of Conformers of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]crown-6-ether Complexed with Alkyl Ammonium Cations

  • Choe, Jong-In;Jang, Suk-Kyu;Nanbu, Shinkoh
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.891-896
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    • 2002
  • The structures and energies of p-tert-butylcalix[4]crown-6-ether(1) in various conformers and their alkyl ammonium complexes have been calculated by ab initio HF/6-31G quantum mechanics method. We have tried to obtain the relative affinity of partial-cone and 1,3-alternate conformers of 1 for alkyl ammonium guests by comparison with its cone-shaped analogue. We have also calculated the relative complexation efficiency of these host-guest complexes focusing on the binding sites of $crown-\sigma-enther$ moiety or benzene-rings pocket of the host molecule 1. These calculations revealed that the crown moiey has better complexation efficiency than upper rim part of calyx[4]arene that is in similar trend to the cone-shaped complexes.

벼 줄무의잎마름병의 새로운 중간기주 '들묵새' (New Alternate Host of Rice stripe virus - 'Deulmuksae')

  • 윤영남;이봉춘;정지훈;김정인;황재복;김창석;홍성준;강항원;송석보;홍연규;박성태;이기운
    • 식물병연구
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.63-67
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    • 2009
  • 벼 줄무의잎마름병은 Tenuivirus 그룹에 속하며, 애멸구가 매개하는 바이러스병으로 우리나라에서는 2001년, 2007년 대발생한 보고가 있다. 벼 줄무의잎마름병의 중간기주조사를 위하여 2008년 3월부터 9월까지 전국 13지역 26지점의 논 주위 발생 잡초 15과 50종을 채집하였다. 보리, 뚝새풀, 들묵새, 잠자리피, 돌피, 바랭이에서 벼 줄무의잎마름병의 이병을 확인하였다. 들묵새는 가을에 발아하여 봄에 고사하는 겨울나기 외래잡초로 현재 녹비 및 피복작물로 많이 사용되고 있다. 들묵새의 지역별 이병률조사를 위하여 2008년 6월 부안군 계화면 시료 111주, 서천군 마서면 시료 50주를 ELISA한 결과 부안군은 32주가 감염이 확인되어 28.8%의 이병률을, 서천군은 8주가 감염이 확인되어 16.0%의 이병률을 확인할 수 있었다. 현재까지 들묵새의 벼 줄무의잎마름병의 감염에 관련된 보고가 없었으며, 이 논문에서 벼 줄무의잎마름병의 중간기주로 들묵새를 최초 보고한다.

우리나라 잣나무 털녹병균(病菌)의 기주선택성(寄主選擇性)과 병원성조사(病原性調査) (Studies on the Host Selectivity and Pathogenicity of White Pine Blister Rust Fungus (Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fischer ex Rabenhorst) in Korea)

  • 이창근;김현중
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제62권1호
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    • pp.76-81
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    • 1983
  • 우리나라 잣나무털녹병균(病菌)의 동포자기주(冬胞子寄主)는 송이풀류(類)이나 인공접종(人工接種)을 통(通)하여 까치밥나무류(類)도 중간기주(中間寄主)임이 이미 밝혀져 있다. 그러나 최근(最近)에는 병원균(病原菌)의 분포지역(分布地域)에 따라 기주(寄主)의 선택(選擇)과 병원성(病原性)을 달리하는 새로운 생태형(生態型)이 있는 것으로 추정(推定)되고 있어, 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서는 지역적(地域的)으로 격리(隔離)된 강원도(江原道) 평창(平昌)과 전북(全北) 남원지역산(南原地域産) 털녹병균(病菌)의 수포자(銹胞子)를 까치밥나무류(類)와 송이풀에 접종(接種)하였다. 그 결과(結果) 양지역(兩地域)의 털녹병균(病菌)은 공(共)히 Ribes montigenum 과 송이풀에 하포자퇴(夏胞子堆)를 형성(形成)함으로서, 동일(同一)한 병원성(病原性)을 나타냈다. 한편, 우리나라에 분포(分布)하는 잣나무 3종(種)을 털녹병피해임지내(病被害林地內)에서 자연감염(自然感染) 시킨 결과(結果), 4년후(年後)의 발병율(發病率)은 잣나무가 17.7%, 스트로브잣나무가 26.3%이였으나 섬잣나무는 전혀 발병(發病)되지 않았다. 따라서 우리나라의 털녹병균(病菌)은 전국적(全國的)으로 동일(同一)한 생태형(生態型)으로, 잣나무와 스트로브잣나무를 수포자기주(銹胞子寄主)로 하며, 송이풀류(類)와 까치밥나무류(類)를 동포자기주(冬胞子寄主)로 하고 있다.

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mPW1PW91 Study of Complexation of Alkali Metal Ions with Mixed [2 + 2'] Calix[4]aryl Derivatives

  • Choe, Jong-In
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제33권10호
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    • pp.3321-3330
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    • 2012
  • The complexation characteristics of mixed [2 + 2'] calix[4]aryl derivatives (3 and 4) with alkali metal cations were investigated by the mPW1PW91 (hybrid HF-DF) calculation method. The total electronic and Gibbs free energies of the various complexes (cone, partial-cone, 1,2-alternate, and 1,3-alternate) of sodium and potassium cations with 3 and 4 were analyzed and compared. The structures of the endo- or exo-complexes of the alkali metal cation with the host 3 were optimized using the mPW1PW91/6-31G(d) method, followed by mPW1PW91/6-311+G(d) calculations. The structures of the endo- or exo-complexes of the alkali metal cation with the host 4 were optimized using the mPW1PW91/6-31G(d,p) method. The mPW1PW91 calculated relative energies of the various conformations of the free hosts (3 and 4) suggest that the cone conformers of 3 and 4 are the most stable. The mPW1PW91calculations also suggest that the complexation efficiencies of the sodium ion with hosts 3 and 4 are about 24 and 27 kcal/mol better than those of the potassium ion, respectively. These trends are in good agreement with the experimental results. The exo-complexation efficiencies of the sodium ion toward the conformers of hosts 3 and 4 are roughly 14 and 17 kcal/mol better than those for the endo-$Na^+$-complexes of 3 and 4, respectively. The exo-complexation of the cone isomer of 3 with cation could be confirmed by the differences of the diagnostic C=O bands in the free host and its complex's IR spectra.

1,3-Alternate 25,27-Bis(1-propyloxy)calix[4]arene crown-6, $C_{44}H_{54}O_8$의 결정구조 (The Crystal Structure of 1,3-Alternate 25,27-Bis(1-propyloxy)calix[4]arene crown-6, $C_{44}H_{54}O_8$)

  • 김종승;이원구;추건홍;이창희;이진호;김문집;김진구;서일환
    • 한국결정학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.130-135
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    • 1999
  • The title compound consisting of a calix[4]arene molecule with four phenyl rings bridged by four methylene groups and arranged alternately in anti-orientation fashion, two 25,27-bis(1-pro-pyloxy) groups attached on the two lower rims of calix[4]arene, and crown-6 chain attached on the other set of lower rims of calix[4]arene offers a big cavity inside a molecule which might possess a potential for forming host-guest complexes. The molecular packing is accomplished by van der Waals forces.

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Molecular Nodeling of Complexation of Alkyl Ammonium Ions by p-tert-Butylcalix[4]crown-6-ether

  • 최종인;김광호;장석규
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제21권5호
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    • pp.465-470
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    • 2000
  • The conformations and energies of p-tert-butylcalix[4] crown-6-ether (1) and its alkyl ammonium complexes have been simulated by AM1 semi-empirical quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics calculations using a variety of forcefields (MM2, MM+, CVFF). We performed molecular dynamics calculations to simulate the behavior of these coplexes primartily focusing on the three representative conformations (cone, partial cone, 1,3-alternate) of host molecule 1. When we performed AM1 semi-empirical and molecular mechanics calculations, the one conformation was generally found to be most stable for all the employed calculation methods. The primary binding site of host 1 for the recognition of alkyl ammonium guests was confirmed to be the central part of the crown moiety. The complexation enthalpy calculations revealed that the alkyl amonium cations having smaller and linear alkyl group showed the better complexation efficiencies when combined with p-tert-butylcalix[4]crown-6-ether, that is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.

제초제처리(除草劑処理)에 의(依)한 잣나무털녹병(病) 중간기주(中間奇主)(송이풀류(類)) 제거시험(除去試験) (Studies on the Eradication of Pedicularis spp., Alternate Host of White Pine Blister Rust with Several Herbicides)

  • 이창근;김현중;여운홍
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제51권1호
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    • pp.51-55
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    • 1981
  • 우리나라 잣나무털녹병(病)의 중간기주(中間寄主)인 송이풀류(類)를 제거(除去)하기 위(爲)하여 1975년(年)부터 몇 가지 제초제(除草劑)을 산지(山地)에 자생(自生)하는 송이풀류(類)에 처리(處理)하여 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. Roundup은 주위(周圍)의 초(草), 목본류(木本類)에 약해(薬害)를 주었으나 송이풀제거용(除去用) 제초제(除草劑)로서 가장 효과(効果)가 있었다. 2. Roundup의 송이풀 제거효과(除去効果)는 처리(處理) 1 년후(年後)에 100%, 2 년후(年後)에는 65~92%의 밀도감소효과(密度減少効果)가 있었다. 3. 2.4-D, Gramoxone, 2. 4. 5-T 및 Para-col은 처리당년도(處理當年度)에 송이풀의 경엽제거(茎葉除去)는 가능(可能)하였으나 익년도(翌年度) 봄에 재발순(再發筍)되었다. 4. 제초제(除草劑)의 살포시기(撒布時期)는 5~6月(송이풀발순완료기(發筍完了期))보다 완전(完全)히 성숙(成熟)된 8월하순(月下旬)에 살포(撒布)하는 것이 효과적(効果的)이였다.

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산초나무 잎녹병균의 중간기주 및 형태학적 특징 (Morphological Features of Coleosporium xanthoxyli and Its Alternate Host in Korea)

  • 이승규;김경희;이총규;김동원;황진현
    • 식물병연구
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.279-284
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    • 2004
  • 경상남도 진주와 하동지역의 산초나무 재배단지에서 잎녹병에 의한 피해가 매년 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 산초나무 잎에 형성된 여름포자세대의 녹포자세대 기주를 밝히고 녹병균을 동정하기 위하여 본 병해의 발생지 주변 곰솔에서 채집된 녹포자를 산초나무에 인공접종하였다. 그 결과 산초나무에서 성공적으로 여름포자가 형성되어 이 녹병균은 녹포자세대를 곰솔에서, 여름포자 및 겨울포자세대를 산초나무에서 형성하는 장세대형 생활사를 갖는 C. xanthoxyli로 동정하였다. 대부분의 형태적 형질은 기존 기록과 일치하였으나 녹포자와 여름포자의 표면돌기 수에는 차이가 있었다. 곰솔과 산초나무에서 채집된 C. xanthoxyli의 건조표본을 이용하여 녹포자세대 및 여름포자세대의 형태학적 특징을 기술하였다. 경남 진주와 하동지역에서 조사된 산초나무에서의 최초 병발생시기는 6월 하순${\sim}$7월 초순이었으며 8월 중의 이병엽율은 17.8%${\sim}$58.7%이었다.

The Occurrence of Laminarionema elsbetiae (Phaeophyceae) on Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (Rhodophyta) from the Patagonian Coasts of Argentina: Characteristics of the Relationship in Natural and Experimental Infections, and Morphology of the Epi-endophyte in Unialgal Free Cultures

  • Gauna, M. Cecilia;Parodi, Elisa R.;Caceres, Eduardo J.
    • ALGAE
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.249-256
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    • 2009
  • The occurrence of Laminarionema elsbetiae (Ectocarpaceae, Phaeophyceae), as epi-endophyte of Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta), described from Santa Isabel, Rawson, Argentina. L. elsbetiae grows in the host tissues forming epi-endophytic relationship in the epidermal, cortical and medullar layers. Epiphytic thalli of L. elsbetiae were unbranched filaments emerging from hostis surface. Reproductive structures of L. elsbetiae on the host were absent. On the contrary, free cultured individuals formed different reproductive structures. Macrozoosporangia containing a single large motile zoospore originated from vegetative cells, they were conical to cylindrical in shape, 30-50 ${\mu}m$ in length and 18-20 ${\mu}m$ in wide. Uniseriate plurilocular zoosporangia were cylindrical shape, 40 ${\mu}m$ in length and 10-13 ${\mu}m$ in wide. Sexual fusion was not seen. In mixed cultures of L. elsbetiae with R. pseudopalmata fronds, L. elsbetiae infected the host, grew as in natural host and, formed macrosporangia between host subcortical cells. Gametophytes of L. elsbetiae were filaments with diffuse growth, branched with a branch pattern alternate or opposite. Gametangia were plurilocular, uni or biseriate and lateral. When mature they contained 2 to 6 isogametes. The presence L. elsbetiae on R. pseudopalmata could be defined as an epi-endophytic relationship. The percentage of infection of R. pseudopalmata thalli by L. elsbetiae was 34%.A25% of the infected thalli presented a low, non-symptomatic level infection, whereas a 62% and a 13% of them exhibited respectively moderate and high indexes of infection.