• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1991

The vertical distribution of the fungal population for the soil samples from two sites of producing and nonproducing of Tricholoma matsutake, song-yi mushroom, were examined at Yang­yang and Myung-joo, Gangweon province. By the dilution plate method, a total number of propagu­les of fungi per gram of soil was observed to be low at the song-yi producing sites but high at the song-yi nonproducing sites under the communities of Pinus densiflora. The tendency of the number of fungal propagules were decreased with the increasing vertical depth. In the incuhation method at $42^{\circ}C$, six genera and nineteen species of the fungi were isolated from two sites; Aspergillus fumigatus, Acremonium sp., Talaromyces stipitatus, Penicillium lilacinum, P. oxalicum and Westerdykella multispora. The most dominant species by this method was A. fumigatus. From heat treatment method at $70^{\circ}C$, seven genera and nineteen species were isolated; Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Neurospora sitophila and Mucor sp.. In the ethanol treatment method, one genera and one species was isolated Mortierella sp.. From the three isolation methods, it was found that the total number of the soil fungi and the frequency of species appeared were the highest at the soil of upper layer whereas the lowest at the soils of lower layer in its vertical distribution.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.281-285
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine changes in the fungal community on fallen leaves of pear by treatment with lime sulfur. Although the lime sulfur could reduce the primary inoculum of several pathogens on spring season, the effect of lime sulfur has not been well determined scientifically. Fallen leaves infected by pear diseases in pear orchards in Naju were collected and treated with lime sulfur or water as a control. To determine the fungal diversity from each treatment, rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were analyzed after extraction of fungal genomic DNA from lime sulfur-treated or water-treated fallen leaves, respectively. The most common fungal species were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in both treated leaves. However, the population dynamics of several fungal species including Alternari sp., Cladosporium sp., and Phomopsis sp., which are known as pear pathogens for skin sooty dapple disease, were quite different from each treated leaves. These results indicated that lime sulfur treatment led to changes of fungal communities on pear fallen leaves and could be applicable as a dormant spray.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 2011

Growth characteristics, root yield and ginsenoside contents of 3-year-old ginseng in greenhouse shaded by $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain made of aluminum were compared to traditional shade facility in order to develop cultural practice for organic ginseng. Light transmittance ratio in greenhouse with $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain shade was distinctly lower than that of traditional shade from sunrise to 9 a.m., while its ratio in greenhouse was higher than traditional shade since 9 a.m. due to the reflection of light. Air temperature of greenhouse was $1.3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of traditional shade on the first ten days of August due to more reflected light. Root yield of greenhouse was 44% higher than that of traditional cultivation because of the inflow of reflected light and the decrease of disease of Alternaria and Anthracnose by blocking rainfall. Dry matter partitioning ratio of rhizome and lateral root were increased in ginseng cultivated at greenhouse due to longer survival time in leaf than traditional cultivation. Total ginsenoside contents cultivated at greenhouse was decreased in the part of taproot, while it was increased in the part of lateral and fine root compare to traditional cultivation. Individual ginsenoside contents between greenhouse and traditional cultivation showed significant difference more frequent in fine root than taproot and lateral root. Total ginsenoside contents including $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, and $Rg_2$ in whole root of 3-year-old ginseng did not showed significant difference by greenhouse and traditional cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

An important factor in the production of organic ginseng is the control of $Alternaria$ blight and anthracnose, which mostly affect the leaves in the summer. We compared the effects of a lime-bordeaux mixture (LBM) and agricultural chemicals on the growth characteristics and ginsenoside content in 4-year-old ginseng plants when they were sprayed at 15-day intervals from mid-June to the end of September. The increases in leaf length, and survive-leaf ratio in plants sprayed with LBM were greater than the increases of the control plants, but less than those of agricultural chemicals treatment. The root weight per plant in the plants sprayed with LBM increased more distinctly than that in the control plants, while it was significantly lower than that in plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals. The root yield in plants sprayed with LBM increased by 21% compared to the root yield in the control plants, but decreased by 7% compared to that in plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals because of the decreases in leaf area and survive-leaf ratio. Spraying of LBM had a significant effect on the ginsenoside contents. The total ginsenoside content was highest in the control plants and lowest in the plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals and total ginsenoside contents was great relative to survive-leaf ratio and root weight.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.495-501
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• 2011

Bacterial strains were isolated from forest soils of Halla mountain, Jeju island in Korea. The soil samples were collected at each altitude of 100m from 1,000 m above sea level. Total 398 strains were isolated and tested for their physiological characteristics of antagonistic and proteolytic activities, and auxin production. Among the isolates, 172 strains were selected as antifungal strains showing antagonistic activity against at least one of 8 plant fungal pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Collectotrichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium ultimum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). In addition 203 strains for proteolytic activity and 26 strains for auxin production were characterized for further study. Je28-4 (Rhodococcus sp.) were showed 80% of control value against tomato gray mold in vivo. Thus, it is suggested that soil bacteria isolated from forest soils of Halla mountain can be important sources of bioactive compounds for improving plant growth or promising biocontrol agents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.462-468
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• 1994

Extraction yields of Hizikia fusiforme with four kinds of solvents and $0{\sim}90\%$ ethanol solutions, and antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Alternaria sp. were investigated. Determination of extraction yield with several solvents showed the highest value, $33\%$ (wt/wt), when distilled water was used. However, the extraction yields by hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol were less than $1\%$ (wt/wt). When dried Hizikia fusiforme was extracted at various concentrations of ethanol, 0 to $50\%$ solution gave similar yields and the extraction yields decreased rapidly as the ethanol concentrations increased above $70\%$, Ethanol-extract demonstrated antimicrobial activities against E. coli and B. subtilis, and ethyl ether- and hexane-extracts against E. coli. 70 and $90\%$ ethanol-extracts had potent antimicrobial activities against E. coli, and B. subtilis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.638-645
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• 2019

Objectives: For the risk management of airborne fungal diseases, our aim was to evaluate airborne fungi and study the toxicity associated with fungal allergic diseases using fungal species native to Korea. Methods: Fungi were isolated from outdoor air samples collected from Seoul, Incheon, Cheonan, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan, and Jeju and tested for their cytotoxicity potential and their ability to induce proliferation and secretion of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in human mast cells (HMC-1). Results: More than 18 species of fungi were collected from outdoor air in Korea over one year, and the strains were identified and systematically analyzed. The results showed that the Cladosporium (59%) and Alternaria (22%) strains are the most common in outdoor air. Three of the collected strains (Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Penicillium) showed mild toxicity in cells involved in allergic inflammation, and twelve induced cell proliferation in HMC-1 cells. More importantly, many strains (Edgeworthia, Trametes, Emmia, Irpex, Talaromyces, Penicillium, Periconia, Epicocum, Bipolaris) induced the MDC protein in activated HMC-1 cells. Conclusion: Nineteen percent of the tested strains caused cytotoxicity in mast cell lines, whereas, most of the non-toxic strains contributed to cell activity. Among the tested strains, more than 80% increased the expression of MDC protein, which contributes to the severity of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis. It is, in fact, one of the markers for these conditions. Therefore, airborne fungus could be considered as an important marker for environmental risk management for allergic diseases in Korea.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.202-206
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• 2003

This study was conducted to compare the growth status of aerial parts, photosynthesis and microclimate between fixing light transmittance (Control) and changing light transmittance (C.L.T.) during ginseng growing seasons. Control showed 8％ light transmittance rate during growing seasons. But C.L.T. showed 18％ light transmittance rate during early (April-June) and late growth stage (September-October) and 6％ light transmittance rate middle growth stage(July-August). Air temperature, leaking water rate and soil water content of C.L.T. was higher than those of control during early and late growth stage. But Air temperature, leaking water rate and soil water content of C.L.T was lower than those of control during middle growth stage C.L.T. exhibited superiority in survival ratio, stem diameter, stem length, L.A.I. and stem angle compared to control. Chlorophyll content of C.L.T. was lower than that of control but S.L.W., stomatal opening and photosynthetic rates of C.L.T. was higher than those of control. Also Alternaria blight disease and defoliation of C.L.T. was lower than those of control.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2015

Five halophytic plant species, Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, and Suaeda glauca Bunge, which are native to the Muan salt marsh of South Korea, were examined for fungal endophytes by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region containing ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2. In total, 160 endophytic fungal strains were isolated and identified from the roots of the 5 plant species. Taxonomically, all 160 strains belonged to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota. The most dominant genus was Fusarium, followed by the genera Penicillium and Alternaria. Subsequently, using 5 statistical methods, the diversity indices of the endophytes were determined at genus level. Among these halophytic plants, P. australis was found to host the greatest diversity of endophytic fungi. Culture filtrates of endophytic fungi were treated to Waito-C rice seedlings for plant growth-promoting effects. The fungal strain Su-3-4-3 isolated from S. glauca Bunge provide the maximum plant length (20.1 cm) in comparison with wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi (19.6 cm). Consequently, chromatographic analysis of the culture filtrate of Su-3-4-3 showed the presence of physiologically active gibberellins, $GA_1$ (0.465 ng/mL), $GA_3$ (1.808 ng/mL) along with other physiologically inactive $GA_9$ (0.054 ng/mL) and $GA_{24}$ (0.044 ng/mL). The fungal isolate Su-3-4-3 was identified as Talaromyces pinophilus.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.258-265
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• 2015

The fungi on Meju are known to play an important role as degrader of macromolecule of soybeans. In order to elucidate the origin of fungi on traditional Meju, mycobiota of the air both inside and outside traditional Meju fermentation rooms was examined. From 11 samples of air collected from inside and outside of 7 Meju fermentation rooms, 37 genera and 90 species of fungi were identified. In outside air of the fermentation room, Cladosporium sp. and Cladosporium cladosporioides were the dominant species, followed by Cladosporium tenuissimum, Eurotium sp., Phoma sp., Sistotrema brinkmannii, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizophyllum commune, and Penicillium glabrum. In inside air of the fermentation room, Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Asp. nidulans, Aspergillus sp., Cla. cladosporioides, Eurotium sp., Penicillium sp., Cla. tenuissimum, Asp. niger, Eur. herbariorum, Asp. sydowii, and Eur. repens were collected with high frequency. The concentrations of the genera Aspergillus, Eurotium, and Penicillium were significantly higher in inside air than outside air. From this result and those of previous reports, the origin of fungi present on Meju was inferred. Of the dominant fungal species present on Meju, Lichtheimia ramosa, Mucor circinelloides, Mucor racemosus, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis are thought to be originated from outside air, because these species are not or are rarely isolated from rice straw and soybean; however, they were detected outside air of fermentation room and are species commonly found in indoor environments. However, Asp. oryzae, Pen. polonicum, Eur. repens, Pen. solitum, and Eur. chevalieri, which are frequently found on Meju, are common in rice straw and could be transferred from rice straw to Meju. The fungi grow and produce abundant spores during Meju fermentation, and after the spores accumulate in the air of fermentation room, they could influence mycobiota of Meju fermentation in the following year. This could explain why concentrations of the genera Aspergillus, Eurotium, and Penicillium are much higher inside than outside of the fermentation rooms.