• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 1991

A field experiment was conducted during the growing season of 1985 to determine the effects of slope orientation, north and south facing exposures and three different altitudes, 800, 1,000 and 1,200m a.s.1. on the dry matter yield, forage quality and botanical composition of alpine pasture. 1. Total dry matter yield of alpine pasture was influenced by slope orientation and altitude. An average forage yield of both exposures at 1,000m a.s.1. was 9,301kg/ha compared with 10,274kg/ha at 800m a.s.1. and the productivity express in relative percentage decreased by 9.5% per 200m attitudinal increase. 2. An average forage yield of both altitudes, 800 and 1,000m a.s.1. on the south facing exposure was 21.5% higher than that on the north exposure. 3. Crude protein concentration of forage grown on both exposures was lowest at 800m a.s.1. increasing gradually as the altitude increased, but crude fiber concentration decreaced in a manner opposite to that of crude protein. 4. Forage grown on the north facing exposure had a higher concentration of crude protein than that grown on the south facing exposure at the same altitude, but lower concentraion of crude fiber. 5. Orchardgrass and timothy were two main species on both exposures at 800m a.s.1. but timothy was only dominant species at 1,000 and 1,200m a.s.1. and performed well up to 1,200m a.s.1. in alpine area. The economic production limit of orchardgrass would be about 800m a.s.1. in the alpine pasture. 6. No soil property differences were found between the north and south facing exposures as well as three different altitudes in the alpine pasture. It seemed that the previous pasture fertilization of the experimental field completely overshadowed any soil property differences from slope orientation and altitude.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2001

Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in fresh leaves of two Japanese native grasses (Zoysia japonica and Miscanthus sinensis) and one sown temperate grass (Dactylis glomerata) were investigated by an in sacco method in spring (mid-May), summer (mid-July) and autumn (mid-September). Japanese native grasses had higher NDF and lower CP concentrations than D. glomerata, and the CP concentration in native grasses decreased in autumn. Ruminal degradability of DM, NDF and CP was lower in native grasses than in D. glomerata (p<0.05) in all seasons. DM and NDF degradability decreased in summer for Z. japonica and D. glomerata, while it decreased in autumn for M. sinensis. CP degradability in Z. japonica was constant throughout the seasons, whereas that in M. sinensis greatly decreased in summer and autumn (p<0.05). It was concluded that Z. japonica could stably supply ruminally digestible nutrients for grazing animals in Japanese native pasture. However, the degradation characteristics of freshly chopped native grasses did not fit the exponential model of $D=a+b(1-e^{-ct})$ proposed by Ørskov and McDonald.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.484-490
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• 1997

Spatial distribution of urination by Japanese Black heifers and steers was investigated, and compared with the distribution of defecation. The animals grazed a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum $Fl\ddot{u}gge$) pasture in the daytime, and spent the rest of the day in a barn. The distribution of urination to the pasture was greater than that expected from the proportion of time that the animals spent in the pasture. Correspondingly, the distribution was smaller in the barn. Such a distribution pattern of urination to the pasture and barn was similar to that of defecation, and affected by the intake of supplement on the previous day. The distribution of urination within the pasture, i.e. the distribution to the paddock, alley and resting area, was often uneven on an area basis. The animals often urinated sparsely in the alley and resting area, while they urinated in the paddock almost proportionally to its area. This was a clear contrast to the distribution pattern of defecation, which was sparse in the paddock and dense in the resting area. The degree of aggregation of urination in the paddock, alley and resting area varied with the meteorological factors and the intake of supplement.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to determine which mixture types are suitable for maintaining grazing pasture at alpine area. The mixtures types were evaluated by the botanical composition and dry matter (DM) of forage. The experiment was carried out on the grazing pasture at Daekwanryeong area (altitude ; 840m) from 1991 to 1993. Treatments were composed of seven mixture types made of both different components and amounts of sowing. The components of each mixture were Orchardgrass (OG), Tall fescue (TF), Timothy (TI). Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), Reed cannarygrass (RCG), Red clover (RC) and Ladino clove. (LC). The seeding .ate of OG, TF, TI, KBG and LC in control(C) was 18:9:8:3:2 kg/ha, respectively and those of treatments of T1 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T2 (OG:TF:KBG:RC), T3 (OG:TI:KBG:LC), T4 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC) and T6 (OG:RCG:KBG:LC) were 24:8:2:2, 24:8:2:2, 26:8:2:2, 8:28:2:2, 5:24:2:2 and 8:26:2:2 kg/ha, in seeding rate. respectively. The plant heights of mixtures in 1991, 1992 and 1993 were 33, 37, and 33 cm on average of before and after grazing, respectively. The 12cm of stubble height was left after grazing during 3 years which can result in the reduction of forage intake and utilization. This result indicates the grazing period will be needed to adjust. The proportions of TI, OG, KBG and LC in mixtures were increased constantly, and the proportions of weeds and bare lands were little. The T5, in which the smaller amounts of seeds were sown, is considered as proper mixture type for Alpine pasture. The DM yield tended to increase with the increased grazing period, and the highest DM yield was occurred in 1993. No significant difference among treatments was observed for the DM yield, however the 75 was highest (9,344 kg/ha) in the DM yields which is $5.7\%$ greater than the C (8,840 kg/ha). This result indicates that T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC : 8:24:2:2 kg/ha) is considered to be proper mixture type at alpine pasture considering the botanical composition and forage yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2003

This study was conducted to select the promising varieties of white clover (va.) California Ladino, Seminole, Sonja, Milo, Rinendel, Alberta and Sona at Daekwanryong branch(altitude 800m a.s.l.) and Namwon branch(altitude 450m a.s.l.) of National Livestock Research Institute. Leaf color of white clover was light green except for Ladino and Seminole, and leaf width was broad in others except for both varieties. Winter hardness of Seminole was the greatest with 85.2%. In Daekwanryong, dry matter yield of white clover was the highest with 5,251kg/ha in Milo of all varieties. Also, dry matter yield of Ladino was the hightest with 9,405kg in Namwon. In Daekwanryong and Namwon, ADF content of Ladino was the lowest with 24.3% and 42.7%, respectively. Also, NDF content of Sonja, Ladino and Rinendel was low when those compared with other varieties. Crude protein content of Seminole in Daekwanryong and Rinendel in Namwon was the highest with 22.2% and 28.4%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Milo and California Ladino would be the promising varieties of white clover in Daekwanryong and in Namwon. respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2021

Cutting management has been identified as a critical factor in the alfalfa production systems because it has a significant impact on maximizing yield and maintaining the forage quality. The objective of this experiment was to determine the proper cutting height according to harvesting time for optimizing nutrient yield and forage nutritive quality of alfalfa grown in alpine regions of Korea. Alfalfa was sown at a seeding rate of 30 kg/ha in August 2018 and harvested at four cuttings in 2019 (3 May, 2 July, 11 September, and 13 October). Cutting heights were adjusted at 5, 15, and 25 cm above the soil surface. Alfalfa plant was tallest at the third cutting (109 cm), which was on average 35 cm taller than the first or second cutting. Relative feed value (RFV) remained unaffected by cutting height at the first harvest, but increased consistently in subsequent harvests as cutting height increased. Alfalfa collected at the first and fourth cuttings had the highest RFV (mean 152), which was on average 8 and 67 units higher than the second and third harvests, respectively. At each harvest, in vitro dry matter digestibility was highest in alfalfa cut at a 25-cm height. Dry matter (DM) production at each cutting height was highest in the first cutting, accounting for on average 36-37% of total annual DM production, and lowest in the fourth harvest, accounting for about 11-13% of the total DM yield. The total dry matter production (in four harvests) was 4,218 kg/ha higher when alfalfa was subjected to a cutting height of 5 cm rather than 25 cm. Cutting height had no effect on total crude protein yield, but from the first to fourth cutting, the protein yield followed a decreasing trend. Finally, there were visible declines in forage nutritive quality when alfalfa was cut at a shorter height. However, the magnitude of difference in total forage yield may outweigh the slight decline in forage quality when alfalfa is cut at a lower height. The findings of this study could help the alfalfa growers make better harvest management decisions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 1986

In order to find out the effect of sowing time on establishment, survival and yield of pasture species when hoof and tooth cultivation was applied, this experiment was conducted from 1982 to 1984 at the comfound of Alpine Experiment Station. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Grasses establishment of 15 April, 15 May, 1 August and 30 August plots was 11.1%, 9.8%, 12.4% and 3.1%, resulting in 10% establishment in all plots except 30 August. The establishment of legumes in spring sowing was about 30%, showing significant difference (P < 0.05) than that of autumn sowing. 2. Botanical composition of sown pasture in all plots 2 years after sowing ranged from 66% to 80%. There was no significant difference between treatment in terms of DM Production 3 years after sowing although there was the difference in establishment and survival of sown pasture at the beginning of grassland establishment. It indicates that appropriate fertilization and grazing management after sowing play an important role in grassland improvement when hoof and tooth cultivation is applied. 3. The utilization of forages in plot 2 years after seeding was from 45 to 53%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2018

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of two different feeding systems on body weight, milk yield, milk composition, and mineral and fatty acids content of Holstein dairy cows' milk. Sixteen of 25 months-old Holstein dairy cows were assigned to two groups (n=8) to study effects of the feeding system for 150 days. Two feeding systems were compared for five months; Group 1 was housed indoors and mainly fed a concentrate diet, Group 2 was maintained outdoors for five-seven hours/day on various kinds grass in a pasture. The experiment was conducted June-October 2017. Results revealed the indoor-fed cows had higher body weight, that was significant compared with the outdoor-based feeding system of Holstein dairy cows (p<0.05). Indoor-raised milking cows had higher milk yield (32.45 kg) as compared with pasture-raised milk yield (26.44 kg). Cows fed indoors significantly increased milk yield, total protein content, lactose, citric acid level, and lowered level of total solid and free fatty acids relative to the pasture-fed milking cows (p>0.05). There were higher levels of mineral content and fatty acid content in the milk of indoor-fed dairy cows than the pasture-raised dairy cows (p>0.05). Our study results demonstrated the potential benefits of the indoor feeding system for increased body weight, milk yield, mineral and fatty acids content summer through autumn when low pasture growth rates and quality may otherwise limit production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptability of legume in different legume-grass mixtures according to altitude(600, 800, lOOOm a.s.1.) in the alpine area. The experimental plot was allocated as a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were sowing season(spring and fall) and subplots legume-grass mixture(alfa1fa-grass, red clover-grass and white clover-grass mixture). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. At 600m, in case of sowing alfalfa, red clover and white clover in fall. each legume of legume-grass mixtures was consistuted about 30% without between-year variation and then all legumes at fall sowing could grow. 2. At 800m, in case of sowing white clover in spring this species was consistuted about 14.7 % at the last cutting without severe between-year variation. 3. At 1000m, only white clover sown in spring like at 800m was somewhat maintained without severe between-year variation. 4. Percentage and DM yield of legume considerably decreased with the rise of altitude and alfalfa couldn't grow more than 800m.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 1983

To compare animal production and grazing behavior, Wye college rotational, set stocking, modified set stocking and zero grazing system were set in Alpine area. Each system has one hectar and 4 head of Korean native cow. In order to investigate grazing behavior, eye observation was made every 2.5 minute for 15 hours of daylight from 5 a.m. to 20p.m. Results obtained were as follows. 1. The system of Wye college and rotational grazing have greater output of live weight per hectar than that of other gazing system applied. But practically rotational and modified set stocking were thought to be convenient grazing system for hill pasture and also modified set stocking was simple to operate, so that it seemed to be recommended as an alternative to rotational grazing system. 2. The daily live weight gain was the highest in May, the lowest in July and after then steadily increased. 3. Grazing hour during daylight varied from 331.1 min to 576.0 min by grazing system, but by season, herbage availability, weather condition. 4. Korea native cow tended to have three primary grazing time begining at one hour after sunrise, noon, and around 15p.m.