• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2011

We examined household's food expenditures in this study. The empirical work outlined here used quarterly data from 2003 Q1 to 2010 Q3. All variables are in log form and were obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office. The food items included cereals, dairy products, fruits, meat, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages. We applied the ordinary least squares method to a model consisting of household income and seasonal dummies. This is because household expenditures are ordinarily a function of income and have seasonal characteristics. The household's food consumption patterns also reflect the prevailing social and environmental circumstances. This study showed that the income coefficients of cereals, meat, dairy products, and alcoholic beverages tend to increase in the long-run, whereas those of vegetables and fruits decreased. The results also revealed that consumption of alcoholic beverages and meat was greatly affected by household income fluctuations, whereas those of vegetables and dairy products were not sensitive to income. The impulse response functions indicated that expenditures not only increased slowly before peaking one to eight quarters after the income shock but declined very slowly to pre-shock levels. The response of dairy products at the twelfth step was three times as large as that of the first step.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.331-339
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• 2021

This study presents a novel way to enhance uniformity of the gas flow inside the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which is critically important to fuel cell performance, by using dimples. A pattern of dimple, which works as a flow distributor/collector, is designed at the inlet and outlet section of a straight channel gas separator. Size of the dimples and the gap between them were changed to optimize the flow uniformity, and any change in size or gap is considered as one design. The results show that some dimple patterns significantly enhance the uniformity compared to baseline, about 4%, while the others slightly reduce it, about 1%. Besides, the dimple pattern also affects to the pressure drop in the flow channel, however the pressure drop in all cases are negligible (less than 26.4 Pa).

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.31
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• pp.309-330
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• 2013

This paper aims to examine distribution and patterns of Women(我們) on Chinese conversation textbook, and also suggest that Chinese class need to impose pragmatic perspective. For this purpose, this paper explores 35 Womens in 42 conversation units on three Chinese textbooks Hanyu Kouyu vol.1~3 at first. Women is more contributed on 'exclusive Women' among three categories (inclusive, exclusive, borrowed) than other two categories, is also contributed on 'symbolic usage' than 'gestural usage'. Second, this paper examines patterns of Women on the three categories. It shows: first, 'inclusive Women', 'exclusive Women', 'borrowed Women' all show up on the textbooks even though on the textbook vol.1(for beginner) surprisingly; Second, 'exclusive Women' may be a primary one of three categories in terms of the coverage of Women. Women covers those who are related with the speaker regardless of being on the spot, and also covers those which the speaker belongs to, for example, nationality, ethnicity etc. Consequently, the results show that Chinese speaking course, from now on, needs to consider pragmatic factors including existing semantic and syntactic factors, and from the pragmatic perspective, impose 'action'(including speech act, body gesture etc.) on Chinese conversation class for the learners' improvement in Chinese speaking.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.299-309
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of one-step adhesives accord ing to various dentin surface treatments and to observe the interface between resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) and dentin under SEM. In this study forty-five non-caries extracted human molars and three adhesive systems were used ; AlI-Bond 2(AB), One-Up Bond F(OU), AQ-Bond(AQ). ; In Group 1, 2, 3, AB was used and tooth surfaces were treated by smearing(S), ultrasonic cleansing(US), etching(E) respectively. In Group 4. 5, 6, One-Up Bond F was used and tooth surfaces were also treated as the same way above. In Groups 7, 8, 9, AQ Bond was used and tooth surfaces wet$.$e treated as the same way. Each specimen was prepared for microtensile bond testing, and were stored for 24hrs in 37$^{\circ}C$ distilled water. After that, microtensile bond strength for each specimen was measured. Specimens were fabricated to examine the failure patterns of interface between resin and dentin and observed under the SEM. The results were as follows ; 1. The results(mean$\pm$SD) of microtensile test were group 1, 25.69$\pm$4.31MPa; group 2, 40.93$\pm$10.94MPa; group 3, 47.65$\pm$8.85MPa； group 4, 35.98$\pm$9.14MPa； group 5, 39.66$\pm$8.45MPa; group 6, 43.26$\pm$13.01MPa; group 7, 25.07$\pm$4.2MPa；group 8, 30.4$\pm$4.74MPa；group 9, 33.61$\pm$7.88MPa. 2. One-Up Bond F was showed the highest value of 36.98$\pm$9.14MPa in dentin surface treatment with smearing, and there were significant differences to the other groups (p<0.05). 3. All-Bond 2 was showed the highest value of 40.93$\pm$10.94MPa in dentin surface treatment with ultra-sonic cleansing, but was no significant difference to One-Up Bond F(p>0.05) 4. All-Bond 2 was showed the highest value of 47.65$\pm$8.85MPa in dentin surface treatment with etch ing(10%phosphoric acid), and there were significant differences to the other groups(p<0.05). 5. All-Bond 2 was showed the highest value of 47.65$\pm$8.85MPa in dentin surface treatment according to manufacture's directions. but was no significant difference to One-Up Bond F(p>0.05). 6. AQ Bond was skewed the lowest microtensile bond strength with various dentin surface treatment, and the were significant differences to the other groups(p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.404-407
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• 2016

In this study, to develop low temperature sintering capacitor composition ceramics with the good dielectric properties, $(Ba_{0.86}Ca_{0.14})(Ti_{0.85}Zr_{0.12}Sn_{0.03})O_3$ (BCTZ) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. The effects of $B_2O_3$ addition on the dielectric properties and microstructure was investigated. The XRD patterns demonstrated that all the specimens showed Perovskite phase, and secondary phases are indicated in the measurement range of XRD. And also, temperature coefficient of capacitance(TCC) of all the specimen sintered at $1,180^{\circ}C$ showed +3~-56% except for x=0.006. For all the specimens, observed one peak was tetragonal cubic difuse phase transition temperature(Tc), which is located in the vicinity of room temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.109-124
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• 2018

This study focused on the accessory of clothes of minority groups in Yunnan province to further the research about specific accessories' development in the future. Among the minorities in Yunnan, this study centralized characteristics of ornaments, hats and belts among five minority groups such as the Bai, Zhuang, Hani, Dai, and the Zang as representatives to study in detail because these five ethnicities have a relatively long history and plentiful information. The results are as follows: First, exaggeration means large gorgeous patterns that attract attention. Generally, there are many natural resources that can be used in places where these minority groups live such as gems, gold, silver shells and animals' horns, bone, teeth and the like. Headdress includes combs, loops, hairpins and other similar articles. Second, nature is a very fundamental part that people rely on for existence and development. The production and living that people need in life all depend on nature. The design of accessories is made from animal forms and patterns of clothes are presented through embroidery and wax printing. Designers always tried to add natural elements to their works. Third, symbolism consists of two aspects: One is the people's imagination, which related to actual materials, and the other is the product of imagination that provides better conditions to inspire people when they design. In China, most minority groups believe in Buddhism. The symbols in the clothing show their devout faith. Even the method of wear has many special implications like the use of accessories and length of clothing. The pattern of dragons and use of golden, red and other colors all have a proper symbolic significance in modern designs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.737-744
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• 2006

Present study was designed to characterize the concentrations of major roadside air pollutants in Daegu and to compare with those of Seoul and Busan. Evaluated were the exceedance frequence of mean concentrations of target compounds(CO, NO$_2$, O$_3$, PM$_{10}$, SO$_2$) and the relationship for time variation. Two air pollution monitoring stations(one roadside station and one residential station) in Daegu were selected for this study. In addition, one roadside monitoring station from each of Seoul and Busan was chosen for the comparison of Daegu monitoring stations. The data analyzed in the current study were collected from 1998 to 2000 by Daegu Regional Environmental Management Office. The roadside concentrations of NO2 and PM to and the exceedance frequency of ambient air standard levels in Daegu were higher than those of Seoul and Busan. Except 03, the roadside concentrations of all target compounds showed following three distinguished patterns; first, possibly due to increased traffic density, the concentrations increased from 0500 to 0900(LST), second, the concentrations decreased from 0900 to 1700(LST) possibly due to the increased wind velocity and decreased traffic density, and finally, increased traffic density, the concentrations increased again from 1700 to 2100(LST). An implication was that major air pollution sources shifted from residential area to road-area during rush hours.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2439-2443
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• 2016

Purpose: To determine the risk factors, clinical symptoms and patterns of spread in laryngeal cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in the Regional Cancer Centre, Imphal, Manipur, India. One hundred and sixteen patients with laryngeal cancer were retrospectively reviewed for epidemiological data and descriptive statistics were reported for various variables. Results: Median age at presentation was 65 years and 32.8% were undernourished at presentation. The male to female ratio was 5.4:1. Heavy smoking and tobacco chewing was associated in 91.4% and 33.6% of patients respectively. Tracheostomy was required in 21.5% leading to diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. Almost all were squamous cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine and verrucous carcinoma accounting for less than 2%. Supraglottic, glottic and trans-glottic tumors were 56.9%, 36.3% and 6.9% respectively. Nodal metastases were seen in 81.8% of supraglottic cancers and 31.6% of glottic cancers with supraglottic involvement. Level II neck nodes were the commonest site followed by level III. Distant metastases (only liver) were apparent in 1.7% at presentation. Including these liver metastases, unresectable cases were limited to 6% of the patients. Conclusions: Tobacco use is implicated in almost all of the cases and the sex ratio has also decreased due to increased female smokers. The supraglottis remains the commonest site and incidence of nodal metastases is higher than in other countries. There is also a higher requirement for tracheostomy at presentation in this region.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2008

Objectives : We examined the effect of sociodemographic factors, cancer, and psychiatric disorders on suicide by gender and age-specific patterns in South Korea. Methods : The study is a case-control study. Claim data was obtained from the national health insurance database and national death registration database. The number of people who committed suicide was 11,523, which was matched with a control group consisting of ten times as many people at 115,230 selected from the national health insurance and medical aids beneficiaries. The medical utilization of the case group was one year before death and that of the control group was from July 1,2003 to June 30, 2004. Four variables-address, economic status, presence of a psychiatric disease, and cancer-were used in multiple logistic regression analyses. Results : Living in cities or in rural areas showed a greater risk for suicide than living in a metropolitan city. Low economic status, the presence of a psychiatric disorder, and cancer were also statistically meaningful risk factors for suicide. The three major psychiatric diseases, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and bipolar disorder, were meaningful in all age groups, but the scale of the odds ratio differed by the age group. Only the psychiatric disorder variable was meaningful in the adolescent group, whereas a psychiatric disorder and economic status were meaningful for the young adult group, and all variables were meaningful for the middle-aged group. A psychiatric disorder and cancer were meaningful in the elderly group, economic status was meaningful for male subjects, and address was meaningful for female subjects. Conclusions : Factors such as living in city or rural areas, low economic status, the presence of a psychiatric disorder, and cancer were statistically meaningful risk factors in suicide. These factors also differed by age group. Therefore, policymakers should establish policies for suicide prevention that are relevant for each age group.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.191-200
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• 2005

In this study an analytical tide model of uniform width with three sub-regions is presented. The three-subregions model takes into account step-like variations in depths in the direction of the channel as a way to examine the $M_2$ tide of the East China Sea (ECS) as well as the Yellow Sea (YS). A modified Proudman radiation condition has been applied at the northern open head, while the sea surface elevation is specified at the southern open boundary. It is seen that, due to the presence of an abrupt change in depth, co-amplitude lines of the $M_2$ tide are splitted to the east and west near the end of the ECS shelf region. Variations in depths, bottom friction and the open head boundary conditions all contribute to the determination of formation of amphidromes as well as overall patterns of $M_2$ tidal distribution. It is seen that increasing water depth and bottom friction in the ECS shelf results in the westward shift of the southern amphidrome. There is however no hint at all of the well-known degenerated tidal pattern being formed. It is inferred that a lateral variation of water depth has to be somehow incorporated to represent the tidal patterns in ECS in a realistic manner. Regarding the radiation factor introduced by Fang et al. (1991), use of a value larger than one, possibly with a phase shift, appears to be a proper way of incorporating the reflected waves from the northern Yellow Sea (NYS).