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How to Identify Critical Nodes of National Infrastructure Systems in Megacities (메가시티 국가기반체계의 핵심노드 식별 방법)

  • Sim, Jun Hak;Jang, chan Kyu;Park, Sung Jun;Kim, Ki Won;Cho, Sang Keun;Park, Sang Hyuk
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • 제8권6호
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    • pp.531-536
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    • 2022
  • Megacities are emerging all over the world and gradually becoming the center of an country. Therefore, Megacities are inevitably exposed to various threats such as existing, potential, supra-national, and non-military. In particular, as seen in the recent Ukraine-Russia war, national infrastructure systems has become a major target of enemies. However, considering the size of Megacities, various types of threats, and limited resources, it is impossible to completely protect all national infrastructure systems. Therefore, wisdom is necessary to identify and protect critical nodes. The critical node is the vital point to which the national infrastructure is connected. To this end, in this study, as a method for logically and systematically identifying critical nodes, Node centrality analysis method, which is a network theory, and the Center of Gravity analysis method, which is a military theory, were presented.

A Study on Growth Acceleration in Korean as Indirected by the Maximum Growth Age in Body Height (한국인(韓國人) 신장(身長)의 최대발육연령(最大發育年齡)으로 본 발육촉진현상(發育促進現象)의 추이(推移)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Shin, Hyung-Gyun;Park, Soon-Young;Park, Yang-Won
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.173-192
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    • 1984
  • On the basis of the study intended to research by crosssectional study keeps pace with semilongitudinal study the growthaccelerating phenomena that Maximum Growth age in teenager's body-height. By the random sampling method, the subject of study are 12659 persons(male; 6355, female; 6304) that they are from 7 ages to 17 ages in the whole country including the rural community. The measurement period passed three month days, the statistical data became electronic data processing system with computer. The other side, body-height and MGA of Koreans who had been for during the period from 1925 to 1966 proved transition of the growth-accelerating phenomena by research data reported between 1913 and 1983. The results are as follows; 1. The Growth and Development-Value of Body-height An age bracket the growth and development-value of body-height were, respectively, male is $123.88{\pm}5.05cm$ and female is $123.29{\pm}5.54cm$ for 7 ages group. these indices increased with age. the top-value reach, respectively. $169.08{\pm}5.62cm$ and $157.57{\pm}6.13cm$. The intersecting ages of male and female were the age $8.5{\sim}12.5$, during these periods, female excelled male but after these periods, male excelled female again. In case of body-height, MGA's are 7.0cm for male between 12 and 13 ages, and 7.01cm for female between 8 and 9 ages. As a rule, body-height of male excelled female but intersection phenomena of male and female appeared between 8.5 and 12.5 ages. By reginal groups, it is most prevailing is Seoul, and medium size cities and rural community rome in order. By regional groups, intersection phenomena of male and female are. a region of Seoul; $$8.5{\sim}11.5$$ ages a region of Daejeon; $$7.5{\sim}9.5$$ ages rural community; $$11.5{\sim}14.5$$ ages the whole country's average; $$8.5{\sim}12.5$$ ages By regional groups, the rate of maximum increase in a year are a region of Seoul; male is 7.23cm as 13 ages female is 7.65cm as 9 ages. a region of Daejeon; male is 7.85cm as 11 ages. female is 8.39cm as 9 ages. rural community; male is 7.65cm as 14 ages. female is 6.25cm as 12 ages. the whole country's average; male is 7.0cm as 13 ages. female is 7.01 as 9 ages. 2. Maximum Growth Age (M.G.A.) By reginal groups, maximum Growth Age's are as below in a region of Seoul, MGA's are 12.63 for male and 9.01 for female, which shows that MGA for female appears about 3.5 years earlier than that for male. In a region of Daejeon, MGA's are 9.20 for male and 8.93 for female, which. show that they are all much the same in M.G.A. In rural community, MGA's are 14.00 for male and 11.89 for female, which shows that MGA for female apperars about 2 years earlier than that for male. In the whole average, MGA's are 13.01 for male and 8.97 for femal, which shows that for female appears about 4 years earlier than that for male. For boy, M.G.A. shows fastest-growing in Daejeon, and Seoul and rural commonly come in order. For girl, It shows equal growth in Seoul and Daejeon, rural community comes later. 3. The M.G.A's in body height of male are respectively the age 15.02 in 1913, 14.23 in 1956, 13.86 in 1967, 13.62 in 1975, and 12.82 in 1981, while those of female are the age 12.0 in 1940, 11.52 in 1965, 9.53 in 1975, and 11.16 in 1980; these data show that the MGA of the Koreans has been getting younger. 4. The equation of linear regression of all the MGA's in body height are as follow; Male: Y(M.G.A)=$-0.020{\times}$ (the year)+15.19: female:Y(MGA)=$-0.028{\times}$(the year)+13.2549. 5. The corelation of all the MGA's in body height are as below; male; r=-0.329 female;r=-0.252 6. From the transition of the growth-accelating phenomena in 1980 we can capture the fact that the MGA's has been getting younger by 0.2 year per 10 years. 7. The MGA's in bodyheight are shown in table 4... 8. The future growth-accelating phenomena in body height are expected to show the similar tendency like that of the past, in 1910's but it should by more precisely reviewed after investigating the phenomena of the years directly ahead.

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Effect of All-Red Clearance Interval on Intersection Right-Angle Crashes (전적색신호가 교차로 직각충돌사고에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Yong-Seok;Gang, Dong-Su;Park, Jun-Tae;Lee, Su-Beom
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.97-105
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    • 2010
  • An All-red clearance interval(AR) has been operating with amber signal in order to avoid collision between vehicles which cannot come out of the intersections, vehicles coming in from the opposite direction, and pedestrians(bicycles) on the crosswalk during the signal conversion time at the intersections. Foreign nations have been analyzing AR's influences of traffic accidents. On the other hand, the similar research has not been conducted in the country. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to analyze the safety at the intersections with respect to the installation of AR through the hypothesis test. A before-and-after analysis has been performed for 10 intersections where applied AR. From the 95% of significance level, the results of Non-parametric Test show that the installation of AR improves a safety at the intersections. The results indicates that AR discharges vehicles passing through the intersections and control entering vehicles at the intersections.

A Study of the Informatization System in North Korea (북한의 정보화 추진체계에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Mun-woo
    • Informatization Policy
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.69-87
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    • 2011
  • North Korea has been striving to promote a national informatization strategy after getting through the period of 'Arduous March'in the 1990s. First of all, North Korea has made organizations required for implementing the national informatization strategy. They reorganized and created the Science & Education Ministry, the Machine & Industry Ministry, and the 21 bureau under the Workers' Party of Korea while making special units in the Royal Mail, Royal electron & industry, National Academy of Sciences under cabinet. Then they completed all the essential organizational system for informatization including newly built specialized agencies: 'Korea Computer Center; KCC' & 'Pyongyang Informatics Center: PIC'. But North Korea's informatization system has a rigid hierarchy. All the organizations in the hierarchical system are controlled by the Workers' Party of Korea. It means that North Korea consider IT as a tool for the centralized control of the Party and the government. So, these characteristics of North Korea's informatization system clearly give us a picture that tells us what they want from the national informatization and where they're going.

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Major Medical Issues and Interests in the Joseon Dynasty - Focusing on Enforcement Laws (조선시대 주요 의료 관련 쟁점과 관심사 - 시행법령을 중심으로)

  • PARK Hun-pyeong
    • The Journal of Korean Medical History
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.31-50
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    • 2023
  • Through this paper, all the provisions of the enforcement statutes stipulated in the Joseon's law code were investigated and major medical issues and interests in the Joseon Dynasty were analyzed. The characteristics of each period reviewed in the text are as follows. The early Joseon Dynasty is divided into three periods. First of all, Joseon filled the gap in the law with the active acceptance of the Ming Dynasty's law code, Daemyeongrul, which conformed to Confucian virtue. Next, the completion of Gyeonggukdaejeon was an opportunity to prepare the basis for Joseon's medical laws. Lastly, from the late 15th century to the 16th century, the existing medicine promotion measures and emphasis on hyangyak(domestic herb) continued. it can be said that Joseon's politicians needed a medical policy based on Confucian virtues and maintained state-led promotion policies, but on the other hand, there was no other alternative to try newly by reflecting the limitations and failures of the policy. The late Joseon Dynasty is also divided into three periods. First of all, the period from the late 16th century to the early 18th century was marked by the growth of families in technical positions. The era of King Yeongjo can be said to be the period of reorganization of medical related laws. Finally, the period after the late 18th century is a period of passive regulation and supplementation. Lastly, the revision of the actual medical law was not made or reflected in era of King Jeongjo. In the case of the early Joseon Dynasty, the policy shifted from state-led to families in technical positions. However, in the 19th century, the weakening of the royal authority led to the weakening of the overall administrative system of the country, and the pharmaceutical policy had to be limited.

Risk of all-cause mortality is associated with multiple health-related lifestyle behaviors and does not differ between urban and rural areas in Korea

  • Seunghee Kim;Clara Yongjoo Park
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.554-566
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    • 2024
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Urban-rural inequities in health and mortality exist in Korea, a highly centralized developed country. The potential impact of multiple health-related lifestyle behaviors on mortality and difference between urban and rural areas is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-risk health behaviors on all-cause mortality among residents living in urban and rural in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on 8,298 adults aged 40 yrs and older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015. High-risk behaviors were defined as having poor diet quality, current smoking, high-risk drinking, or insufficient physical activity. Mortality status was linked to the Cause of Death data followed up to December 31, 2019. The associations between all-cause mortality and high-risk behaviors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, income, and survey year. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated, and effect modification analysis was conducted. Participants were stratified by residential area (urban or rural). RESULTS: During the follow-up (median: 5.4 yrs), 313 deaths occurred. A higher proportion of rural residents than urban residents engaged in multiple high-risk behaviors (28.9% vs. 22.6%; P < 0.0001). As individual factors, a greater risk of mortality was associated with poor diet quality, current smoking, and inadequate physical activity, and these tendencies persisted in rural residents, especially for diet quality. Multiple high-risk behaviors were positively associated with a higher risk of mortality in Koreans living in urban and rural areas. PAF (95% confidence interval) was 18.5% (7.35-27.9%) and 29.8% (16.1-40.2%) in urban and rural residents, respectively. No additive or multiplicative effect of the region was observed. CONCLUSION: The higher prevalence of multiple high-risk lifestyle behaviors in rural residents may explain the higher mortality in rural areas compared to urban areas. Comprehensive public health policies to improve health-related behaviors in rural populations may be needed.

The Korea Maritime Security and National Economy (한국의 해양안보와 국가경제)

  • Park, Eung-Soo;Ko, Kwang-Soob
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.251-258
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    • 2010
  • The Republic of Korea is the maritime country of which its infrastructure of the country's development is based on maritime trade. This can be easily understood according to degree of dependence upon foreign trade, which is the economic indicator for expressing one country's economic characteristics. In 2008, the degree of dependence upon foreign trade of Korea is 83.5%, and this figure is much higher than that of Japan and China, which is 28.8% and 68% respectively. This in turn means that the development of Korea, and also the security of Korea depends greatly on safety of the sea. On the other hand, there is a growing trend that threats to the maritime security of Korea increases as examples seen in Somalia pirates. Thus we could say that interest on this issue should increase and also measures to counter those threats should be prepared. Also Korea should take the maritime security as important as critical factors as national security, which is similar to military threats from North Korea. Therefore all citizen's interests on the issue should be raised, and organizations that are capable of mutually integrating the functions related to maritime security should be established. Finally, Korea should actively participate international efforts on maritime security, and secure maritime security of our nation therefore contribute to the nation's prosperity and future development.

A Study on Development of the Measure of Effects for Pallets Standardization (파렛트 표준화의 효과평가척도 개발에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hyeon-Seung;Do, Hwa-Yong;Park, Dong-Ju;Choe, Chang-Ho
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.97-105
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    • 2009
  • It is expected that logistics standardization have an great effect on industry and national economy due to cost saving and improving efficiency. Therefore all countries of the world make a strenuous effort to take a lead of logistics standardization Despite such efforts of every country, our country remained a lukewarm attitude about logistics standardization. Especially, our country remained a lukewarm attitude about logistics standardization effect quantify. We have to suggest the necessity of standardization and the effect for carrying out logistics standard. So, this study performed literature review and case study for development of effect valuation method. Also, this study developed effect valuation standard for quantifiable standardization effect and drew the effect valuation standard model. First, the measure of preliminary effectiveness was chosen for MOE selection. As a results, vehicle load ratio, delivery cost, keeping space efficiency warehouse automation ratio, etc. were selected. Then, vehicle/truck load ratio, warehouse keeping efficiency, up unloading hour, packaging cost, consistency transportation ratio were chosen for MOE of pallet standardization.

The Effects of Headquarters' Levels of Control and Subsidiaries' Local Experiences on Competency in Foreign Subsidiaries: A Quadratic Model Investigation of Korean Multinational Corporations

  • Lee, Jae-Eun;Kang, Joo-Yeon;Park, Jung-Min
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.82-98
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    • 2020
  • Purpose - This study aims to overcome the limitations of existing studies, which linearly determine the precedence factors of competency in overseas subsidiaries. The research objectives are as follows. First, what kind of nonlinear effects does the level of control held by Korean headquarters over foreign subsidiaries have in terms of competency in the subsidiaries? Second, what kind of nonlinear effects do the local experiences of overseas subsidiaries have on their competency? Design/methodology - With data on Korean multinational corporations (MNCs), this paper analyzes the effects of control levels of headquarters (HQs) and host-country experiences of foreign subsidiaries regarding competency in overseas subsidiaries. In particular, this study focuses on nonlinear models, differentiating it from previous studies. In order to examine research hypotheses, this study conducted a survey of overseas subsidiaries of Korean corporations. Surveys were conducted through various methods including e-mail, online questionnaires, fax, and telephone calls. Copies of the questionnaire were distributed to a total of 2,246 overseas subsidiaries, and 409 completed responses were collected. Excluding 15 copies that were insufficiently answered, responses from a total of 394 copies were used for analysis. Findings - This study presents the following results. First, there is a U-shaped relationship between levels of HQ control and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that higher levels of HQ control negatively impact the competency levels of subsidiaries because strict control undermines autonomy in subsidiaries. However, if the level of HQ control exceeds a certain point, then the transfer of knowledge between HQs and subsidiaries is facilitated. Knowledge transferred from HQs can be used as prior knowledge by foreign subsidiaries to the benefit of all parties. Accordingly, knowledge transfer negates the negative effects of excessive HQ control and positively affects competency in subsidiaries. Second, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the local (host-country) experiences of subsidiaries and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that foreign subsidiaries can overcome the liabilities of foreignness and contribute to capability building by accumulating unique knowledge about their host countries. However, if local experiences accumulate excessively beyond a certain point, then the host country-specific experiences of foreign subsidiaries will offset the benefits discussed above. Excessive local experiences not only increase organizational inertia, but also create a problem of goal incongruence due to information asymmetry between HQs and subsidiaries. Therefore, excessive local experiences have negative effects on competency in foreign subsidiaries. Originality/value - This study suggests the following implications. First, unlike existing studies based mainly on linear models, this study presents important theoretical implications in its focus on nonlinear models and its analysis of the effects of HQ control and local experiences on competency in foreign subsidiaries from perspectives of organizational learning theory and agency theory. Second, in terms of practical implications, the results of this study suggest that optimally raising levels of HQ control and managing the local experiences of subsidiaries without increasing organizational inertia is important for enhancing competency in foreign subsidiaries.

Tea Breeding in Korea (우리나라 차나무 품종육성)

  • Park, Young-Goo
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • 제24권
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2006
  • When tea trees were introduced to Korea peninsular from China? Historically, Mr. Taeryum, an envoy of Shilla dynasty brought tea seeds from China during Tang dynasty and the seeds were planted at Jiri Mt. by the order of King Heungduk at AD828. During Koryo Dynasty(918 1392), Buddhism spread rapidly all over the country and the tea culture reached its highest stage of prosperity. At the Chosun Dynasty, however, the ceremonial drinking of tea vanished almost completely due to the flourishing Confucian tradition, a kind of substitution of Buddhism. But a few people have supported the traditional tea culture by themselves. Since the independence of Korea soon after the World War II at 1945, Korean War have been exploded at 1950. After economic evolution have been succeeded at 1980, the cultivation area of tea trees has been increased about 2,000ha and the cultural tradition of tea drinking has become popular again at a tea consume quantities amounted to 100g per capita at 2004. The northern limited area of tea plant is lined on the southern part of Korea peninsular. It is very small region compared to China about one million ha and to Japan over 60 thousand ha. It is problem not only the area of tea fields but also the methodology of tea cultivation, for examples without clonal cultivars and mechanical systems. WTO treatments was discussing with Korea, China and Japan government at 2005. Green tea custom is very high at 514% in Korea. If three countries will be agreed the imported tax will be cut off, the Korean tea farmers will be confused because of unstable situation of tea markets. All most of tea farmers should be made the tea fields by seeding not clonal propagation. Because of clonal cultivars have not developed in Korea, there have not been the research institutes for tea plants and manufactures before 1992. Now there are three research institute of tea in Korea; Tea Experiment Station at Bosung of Jeonnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Mokpo Experimental Station of National Institute of Crop Science, and Green Tea Cluster Institute of Hadong. Mokpo and Hadong Research Station were established at 2004 and at 2005 but Bosung Station was established at 1992. Seven clonal tea cultivers were selected at Bosung Station; Bohyang, Myngsun, Chanlok, Sunhyang, Mihyang, Jinhyang and Ohsun until 2004. Mokpo Experimental Institute was started the tea provenance testing about 4 provenances: Kangwon-do, Jeonlabuk-do, Jeonlanam-do, and Kyungsangnam-do. Korean new tea cultivers should be selected because Koran wild tea population have been high genetic variation. If tea breeding research will be successful to select new clonal cultivers, the tea farmers of Korea will be stable after WTO treatment with each country.

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