• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.406-411
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• 1994

An extractive fermentation process was developed to produce citric acid from g1ucose. Citric acid is a strong inhibitor to this fermentation. A mixture of tertiary amine and oleyl alcohol was used to selectively extract citric acid from the fermentation broth, hence enhancing the productivity by over 200%. Although the toxicity of the solvent was significant in the range of higher than 30% of amine, immobilization in polyurethane foam was useful to protect the cells from the toxicity of the solvent.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2013

We compared the preventive capacity of high intakes of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) on oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats fed a low-fat ethanol diet. Thirty-two Wistar rats received the low fat (10% of total calories) Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet as follows: either ethanol alone (Alc group, 36% of total calories) or ethanol in combination with VC (Alc + VC group, 40 mg VC/100 g body weight) or VE (Alc + VE group, 0.8 mg VE/100 g body weight). Control rats were pair-fed a liquid diet with the Alc group. Ethanol administration induced a modest increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), conjugated dienes (CD), and triglycerides but decreased total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) in plasma. VE supplementation to alcohol-fed rats restored the plasma levels of AST, CD, and TRAP to control levels. However, VC supplementation did not significantly influence plasma ALT, AST, or CD. In addition, a significant increase in plasma aminothiols such as homocysteine and cysteine was observed in the Alc group, but cysteinylglycine and glutathione (GSH) did not change by ethanol feeding. Supplementing alcohol-fed rats with VC increased plasma GSH and hepatic S-adenosylmethionine, but plasma levels of aminothiols, except GSH, were not influenced by either VC or VE supplementation in ethanol-fed rats. These results indicate that a low-fat ethanol diet induces oxidative stress and consequent liver toxicity similar to a high-fat ethanol diet and that VE supplementation has a protective effect on ethanol-induced oxidative stress and liver toxicity.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2002

These studies were carried out to investigate the fumigant toxicity, the contact toxicity and the ovipositional repellency of 25 monoterpenoids against oak longicorn beetle adults, Moechotypa diphysis. Monoterpenoids with 100% of fumigant toxicity were 1, 8-cinehone, fenchone, pulegone and (equation omitted)-terpinene at 20 (equation omitted)/954 ml (air) concentration, pulegone and (equation omitted)-terpinen at 10 (equation omitted)/954 ml (air) concentration, pulegone at 5 (equation omitted)/954 ml (air) concentration. Most monoterpenoids showed low or no contact toxicity but only pulegone showed about 70% mortality. Some monoterpenoids which had repellency to female adults with Y-tube olfactometer were bornylacetate, carvacrol, 1, 8-cineole and menthol at 1 (equation omitted) dose, while citronellol showed attractant response. Carveol, geraniol and perillyl alcohol of 25 monoterpenoids showed ovipoistional repellency of 82.1%, 78.3%, 87.5%, respectively, at the concentration of 1,000 ppm in the laboratory condition. In the field, the result tested with three monoterpenoids indicated that geraniol was the most effective one at the concentration of 10,000ppm and 1,000 ppm, but residual effect wasn't found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2019

In order to understand the effects of the main components of antifoaming agents on the marine benthic ecosystem when silicone-based antifoaming agents are discharged into marine environments, eco-toxicity testing was performed on silicone and alcohol-based antifoaming agent by using benthic amphipod (Monocorophium acherusicum) and luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri). The toxic effects of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a main component of silicone-based antifoaming agents on aquatic organisms were also researched. In the results of the eco-toxicity test, luminescent bacteria showed a maximum of 9 times more toxic effects than benthic amphipod for alcohol-based antifoaming agents, and silicone-based antifoaming agents showed a maximum of 400 times more toxic effects than alcohol-based. The $LC_{50}$ and $EC_{50}$ values of PDMS ranged from 10 to $44,500{\mu}g/L$ in phytoplankton, invertebrate, and fish. In the results of applying PBT (P: persistency, B: bioaccumulation, T: toxicity) characteristics as an index showing the qualitative characteristics of PDMS, persistency (P) and bioaccumulation (B) were confirmed. Thus, when PDMS is discharged to marine environments, it could accumulate in the upper trophic level through bioaccumulation and the food chain, which could have negative effects on benthic organisms. The results of this study may be used for objective and scientific risk assessment, considering the major components of antifoaming agents when investigating the effects of various discharged antifoaming agents in marine ecosystem.

• Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.177-181
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• 2018

Disulfiram is a drug used to treat alcohol dependence. Recent studies have shown that disulfiram also has anti-cancer effects. Considering that many anti-cancer agents have side effects, including immunosuppression, it is important to check if disulfiram has some cytotoxicity to immune cells. In this study, mouse spleen cells were treated with disulfiram and the metabolic activity was measured. Disulfiram increased the cell death of spleen cells according to annexin V-FITC/PI staining analysis. In addition, disulfiram decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of spleen cells. The toxicity of disulfiram was concentration dependent. Interestingly, disulfiram affected the population of lymphocytes and the subset of spleen cells was altered. This study provides clinicians and researchers with valuable information regarding the toxicity of disulfiram to mouse spleen cells, particularly lymphocytes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.204-204
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• 2002

Alcohol drinking during pregnancy can result in abnormal fetal development including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The molecular mechanisms of FAS, however, is not completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the developmental toxicity of ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde using post implantation whole embryo culture and determined changes of gene expression by ethanol treatment by cDNA microarray.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 1993

This study was attempted to investigate the acute toxicity in mice, the subacute toxicity in rats of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix extract, the effect on transaminase activities, hematological parameters, leukocyte parameters in serum of subacute-toxicated rats. In acute toxicity test, the death rate was not observed in 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/kg(i.p.), one tenths to two tenths in 300, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/kg(p.o.) for two weeks. In subacute test, rats were all died in 300 mg/kg(p.o.) during 4 weeks, in 500, 1000 mg/kg(p.o.) during three weeks. The cause of death believed to be stomach ulcer. The activities of S-GOT and S-GPT were significantly increased in all sample-treated groups, when compared with the normal groups. A number of WBC and neutrophil belong to hematological parameter were significantly increased, lymphocyte was decreased in all sample-treated group, when compared with normal group. The hemolytic action on water extract, saponin and alcohol extract showed very low activities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.603-608
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• 2010

More than 8 millions of chemical have been used for human activities and lots of chemicals can not be degraded by microbial activities in this world. To show the biodegradability of a chemical, biodegradability index (B.I.) is suggested using aerobic biodegradability by $BOD_5$/COD, anaerobic biodegradability by methane potential (M.P.) and toxicity by the luminiscent bacteria. In this study, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), HEC (hydroxy ethyl cellulose), 2,4,6-TCP (tri-chloro phenol) and 2,4-DCP (di-chloro phenol) are used for test chemicals. Though they show little toxicity, PAV and HEC have low B.I. because they are polymers having high molecular weight. That means that there are no bacteria that has enzyme to degrade polymer molecules. Also, anaerobic treatment is suggested better than aerobic treatment from B.I. 2,4,6-TCP and 2,4-DCP show high toxicity and have low B.I. Their low biodegradabilities seem to be originated from their toxicities. If B.I. is used in wastewater treatment, better treatment process can be suggested and finally it can lead our society to make more environment-friendly chemicals.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2020

Purpose: This study evaluated aggressive hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) by understanding various exposure routes of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, the risk factors causing acute cardiovascular, and neurological toxicity caused by poisoning. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 417 acute CO poisoning patients who visited the emergency care unit from March 2017 to August 2019. The exposure routes, HBOT performance, age, sex, medical history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, heart failure), intentionality, loss of consciousness (LOC), intake with alcohol or sedatives, and initial test results (carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), troponin-I, electrocardiography, echocardiography, brain MRI) were examined. Comparative analysis of the clinical information was conducted between the groups that showed acute cardiovascular toxicity and neurological toxicity, and groups that did not. Results: Among 417 patients diagnosed with acute CO poisoning, 201 cases (48.2%) were intentional, and charcoal briquette was the most common route (169 patients (40.5%)). Two hundred sixteen cases (51.8%) were accidental, and fire was the most common route (135 patients (32.4%)). The exposure route was more diverse with accidental poisoning. Three hundred ninety-nine patients were studied for acute cardiovascular toxicity, and 62 patients (15.5%) were confirmed to be positive. The result was statistically significant in intentionality, LOC, combined sedatives, initial COHb, HTN, and IHD. One hundred two patients were studied for acute neurological toxicity, which was observed in 26 patients (25.5%). The result was statistically significant in age and LOC. Conclusion: Active HBOT should be performed to minimize damage to the major organs by identifying the various exposure routes of CO poisoning, risk factors for acute cardiovascular toxicity (intentionality, LOC, combined sedatives, initial COHb, HTN, IHD), and the risk factors for acute neurological toxicity (age, LOC).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.186-198
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• 2000

Objectives : This experiment was conducted to verify the effects of some oriental herbs(Alny Cortex et Ramulus, Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium, Giseng Radix, Hoveniae Semen, Puerariae Flos, Puerariae Radix, and Xanthii Fructus) which have been used in the treatment of alcoholic diseases, on alcoholic metabolism, and on alcoholic liver damage. Methods : The effects of the herbs on the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) were evaluated and their protective effects of liver function and cells from alcoholic damage were analysed. For the evaluation of the protective effects, the levels of glucose, triglyceride, BUN, AST, and ALT in serum of rats were measured. Results and Conclusions : It is concluded that Puerariae Radix interferes with the ADH activity directly, thereby reducing the toxicity of alcohol, resulting in enhancing alcohol-tolerance and protecting liver functions. Also Artemisiae Capillaris Herba interferes both ADH and ALDH activities. Isolation of the biologically active compounds from Puerariae Radix and its detailed characterization are matters for future research.