• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.570-574
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• 1995

Magnetoresistance of NiFeCo/Cu/NiFeCo/FeMn uncoupled exchange biased sandwiches has been studied. The magnetoresistance change ratio, ${\Delta}R/R_{s}$ showed 4.1 % at a saturation field as low as 11 Oe in $Si/Ti(50\;{\AA})/NiFeCo(70\;{\AA})/Cu(23\;{\AA})/NiFeCo(70\;{\AA})/FeMn(150\;{\AA})/Cu(50\;{\AA})$ spin valve structure. In this system, the magnetoresistance was affected by interlayer material and thickness. When Ti and Cu were used as the interlayer material in this structure, maximum magnetoresistance change ratio were 0.32 % and 4.1 %, respectively. 6.1 % MR ratio was obtained in $Si/Ti(50\;{\AA})/NiFeCo(70\;{\AA})/Cu(15\;{\AA})/NiFeCo(70\;{\AA})/FeMn(150\;{\AA})/Cu(50\;{\AA})$ spin valve structure. The magnetoresistance change ratio decreased monotonically as the interlayer thickness increased. It was found that the exchange bias field exerted by FeMn layer to the adjacent NiFeCo layer was ~25 Oe, far smaller than that reported in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin valve structure(Dieny et. al., ~400 Oe). The relationship between the film texture and exchange anisotropy ha been examined for spin valve structures with Ti, Cu, or non-buffer layer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.255-264
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• 1999

Friction characteristics of automotive friction materials containing different metallic fibers rubbing against Al-MMC and cast iron disk specimens have been studied. Friction materials containing aluminum, copper or low steel carbon fiber were tested. Friction tests were composed of three different phases to investigate the effect of temperature, pressure, speed, and drag time. The results showed that the friction material containing Al fibers has lower friction force and wear amount than the others with Cu or Steel fiber. On the other hand, the wear of friction material was severe in the case of using Al-MMC rotors. These results showed that the thermal decomposition of solid lubricants (and organic components), formation of transfer layer, and SiC particles in the AI-MMC rotor play crucial roles in determining the friction characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.1026-1029
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• 2001

Zinc films have been deposited onto various buffer layers, Al, Al-Cu, Ag and Ag-Al, by vacuum evaporation method in order to investigate the film microstructure and its consequence on the film growth. Zn films were grown onto Al buffer layers with faster rates than on Ag buffer layers, because of the presence of preferred growth orientation. Especially, in the Zn film formation on the Ag layers, intermetallic compounds AgZn was formed to cause the different growth orientation from Zn film obtained on the Al layers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.65-65
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• 2000

반도체 소자의 고집적화는 배선에서 많은 문제점을 야기 시킨다. 이러한 문제점들 중에서 대표적인 것이 과도한 전류밀도에 의한 electro-migration(EM)이다. 이는 앞으로 배선의 선폭이 0.25$mu extrm{m}$미만일 경우 더욱 심화될 전망이다. 이에 대안으로 Al-합금에서 Cu로 대체하여 이러한 문제를 해결하려 하고 있다. 그런데, Cu는 Si 및 SiO2와 높은 반응성과 빠른 확산속도를 가지기 때문에 확산방지막이 필요로 되어진다. 현재에는 TiN, TaN 등의 확산방지막이 사용되어지고 있으나, TiN 박막의 경우 표면에 Ti와 oxide와의 결합에 의해 Ti-O 성분이 존재하는데, 이럴 경우 Cu 증착을 하는데 있어 부정적인 요인이 된다. 또한, 이러한 화합물은 Cu와 TiN 계면사이에 밀착성을 나쁘게 하여 고전류 인가시 EM에 있어 높은 저항성을 가질 수가 없다. 따라서, 본 연구는 MOCVD방식으로 Cu 박막을 증착하기에 앞서 수소플라즈마를 이용하여 TiN 표면에 형성된 산소 화합물을 제거한 후 Cu를 증착하여 동일한 조건에서 EM 가속화 실험을 하였다. 그림 1은 Cu/TiN 구조에 있어 수소 전처리를 한 배선의 구조의 MTF(mean time to failure)가 65분이고 전처리를 하지 않은 배선구조는 40분으로 약 50% 긴 MTF를 가지는 것으로 나왔다. 결론적으로 Cu와 TiN 계면에 좋은 밀착성은 EM에 있어 우수한 저항성을 가지는 것으로 나왔다.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.55-58
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• 2002

The possibility of SnCuX Solder as alternative for Pb-free Solder have been investigated in this study. SnCuX Solder balls(500${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) were placed on Si-wafer which is Al/Ni/Cu(500nm/$4{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/$4{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$)UBM layer. After reflow soldering at $250^{\circ}C$, shear strength and microstructure were analyzed. The results showed that the shear strength(500gf) of SnCuX was higher than that of SnCuX at $230^{\circ}C$ and $Cu_6Sn_5$ intermetallic compounds were formed between Cu and SnCuX Solder layers

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.983-986
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• 2021

This study investigated the recovery behavior of valuable metals (Co, Ni, Cu and Mn) in spent lithium ion-batteries based on Al₂O₃-SiO₂-CaO-Fe₂O₃ slag system via DC submerged arc smelting process. The valuable metals were recovered by 93.9% at the 1250℃ for 30 min on the 20Al₂O₃-40SiO₂-20CaO-20Fe₂O₃ (mass%) slag system. From the analysis of the slag by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, it was considered that Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ acted as basic oxides to depolymerize SiO₄ and AlO₄ under the addition of critical 20 mass% Fe₂O₃ in 20Al₂O₃-40SiO₂-CaO-Fe₂O₃ (CaO + Fe₂O₃ = 40 mass%). In addition, it was observed that the addition of Fe₂O₃ ranging between 20 and 30 mass% lowers the melting point of the slag system.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2000

Measurements of phase identification and degree of orientation for fine-grained (about 0.3 mm in diameter) minerals in rock samples performed by micro-area X-ray diffractometer.$Al_{2}SiO_{5}$ polymorphs (andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite) were chosen for the measurements and target minerals were existed on thin sections. Micro-area X-ray diffractometer is composed of 3(${\omega}\;{\chi}\;{\phi}$)-circle oscillating goniometer and position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC). $CuK_{\alpha}$ radiation was used as X-ray source and a pin hole ($50\;\mu\textrm{m}$$ in diameter) collimator was selected to focus radiation X-ray onto the target minerals. Phase identification and diffracted X-ray peak indexing were carried out by 3(${\omega}\;{\chi}\;{\phi}$)-circle oscillation measurement. Then, 2(${\omega}\;{\phi}$)-circle oscillation measurement was made for the purpose of searching the prevailing lattice plane of the minerals on thin section surface. Finally, for a selected peak by 2-circle oscillation measurement, X-ray pole figure measurement was executed for the purpose of check the degree of orientation of the single lattice direction and examine its pole distribution. As a result of 3-circle oscillation measurement, it was possible that phase identification among $Al_{2}SiO_{5}$ polymorphs. And from the results of 2-circle oscillation measurement and X-ray pole figure measurement, we recognized that poles of andalusite (122), kyanite (200) and sillimanite (310) lattice plances were well developed with direction normal to each mineral surface plane respectively. Therfore, the measurements used with micro-area X-ray diffractometer in this study will be a useful tool of phase identification and degree of orientation measurement for fine-grained rock forming minerals.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2015

To obtain the fundamental information on the dissolution of nickel into the slag in the pyrometallurgical processes for treatment of wasted PCB, the distribution ratios of nickel between CaO-$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$-MgO slag and copper-5 wt%Ni alloy were measured at 1623 K to 1823 K under a controlled $CO_2$-CO atmosphere. The distribution ratio of Ni increased linearly with increasing oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, the dissolution reaction of nickel into the slags could be described by the following equation; $$Ni(l)_{metal}+\frac{1}{2}O_2(g)NiO(l)_{slag}$$ The distribution ratio of Ni increased linearly with increasing content of basic oxides(CaO and MgO) in slag. However, the distribution ratio of Ni decreased linearly with increasing temperature. From these results, the empirical equation of distribution ratio of Ni was obtained by the following equation from the analysis of experimental conditions by multiple regression. $${\log}L_{Ni}=0.4000{\log}P_{O2}-5.1{\times}10^{-4}T+0.3375\(\frac{X_{CaO}+X_{MgO}}{X_{SiO2}}\)$$

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05b
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• pp.256-261
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• 1998

Uranium silicide는 우수한 조사안정성을 가지는 유망한 연구로용 저농축 분산형 핵연료 소재이나 상대적으로 낮은 uranium 함량으로 인해 고출력에 필요한 8~9g-U/㎤ 정도의 uranium 충진 밀도를 얻기 위해서는 Al기지내에 uranium silicide 핵연료 입자의 부피분율을 높여주는 것이 필요하다 핵연료 입자의 부피분율을 높이기 위하여는 핵연료봉의 Al 기지내에 핵연료 입자가 균일하게 분포되어야 한다. 균질한 핵연료 심재를 제조하기 위해서는 핵연료 입자와 알루미늄과의 균일한 혼합이 중요하며 이러한 혼합체내의 분말에 대한 균질도를 정확히 평가하는 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 혼합분말의 충진시 겉보기 밀도 측정을 통한 조성의 표준편차를 구하는 방법과 X-ray image 분석법을 새로운 균질도 평가방법으로 제시하였다. 구형의 U$_3$Si분말과 Al분말의 혼합시 drum 회전법의 경우에는 밀도차에 의한 segregation이 발생되고 있으나, Spex mill 혼합법의 경우에는 균질도가 향상되었다. 45-150$\mu\textrm{m}$의 분말크기 분포를 갖는 구형 U$_3$Si의 경우가 작은 입자들이 큰 입자들 사이를 효과적으로 채울 수 있기 때문으로 균일한 분포를 갖는 것으로 생각되며, 밀도차가 큰 U$_3$Si의 경우는 밀도차가 작은 구형 Cu-Sn 혼합체에 비해 균질도가 저하됨을 확인하였다. 겉보기 밀도 측정에 의한 균질도 측정평가와 X-ray image 분석법과의 관계에서는 같은 경향성을 찾을 수 있었다.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.22
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• pp.93-114
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• 2001

The composition analysis of Danchung pigments at Geunjeongjeon Hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace were carried out by FXRF and MXRD. The analytical result of the inside pigments at Geunjeongjeon showed that these painted in use the mineral pigments. Gold pigment was pure gold(Au).The main composition identified in green pigments were chalcanthite($CuSO_4$.$5H_2O$) and celadonite($K(Mg, Fe, Al)_2$.$(Si, Al)_4O_10(OH)_2$ ). Red pigments werecinnnabar(HgS).The analytical result of the outside pigments at Geunjeongjeon revealed that these applied to the artificial synthetic pigment. Yellow pigment was chromeyellow($PbCrO_4$). The main composition identified in red pigments were red lead($Pb_3O_4$)and hematite($Fe_2O_3$). Green pigments were emeral green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$) and chromegreen($Cr_2O_3$). Blue pigment was lazurite($Na_6Ca2Al_6Si_6O_24(SO_4)_2$), titanium dioxide($TiO_2$) of white pigment.