• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1062-1068
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• 1997

From August 1989 to January 1996, a total of 105 cases of bidirectional Glean operations have been done as the interim stage for the patien s with some risk of univentricular correction at Sejong General Hospital. From December 1992, we started the conversion to Fontal operations for them, and 42 cases underwent Fontal-stage operation till February 1996. Their diagnoses were univentricular heart in 19(right ventricular type : 14), tricuspid atresia 11, double outlet of right ventricle 9, and others in 3 cases. The median age of bidirectional Glerln-stage operation was 12.5 months(range 2 months to 8 years) and Fontan-stage operation was at 59.6 months of median age(range 1 year 5 months to ,9 year 7 months). The mean waiting interval between the two operations was 33.88 $\pm$ 17.85 months with a range of 10 months to 6 years 3 months. During the waiting periods, 18 patients developed significant systemic-pulmonary collaterals andfor systemic verso-veno collateral channels. There were 5 hospital deaths after operations due to low cardiac output in 4 and sepsis in one. Most of the Fontal-stage operations were done by the late al tunneling with Core-Tex tube graft patch and fenestrated with the size of 2.5 ~6 mm. All the patients were followed-up(7 months to 4 years 2 months, mean 21.97$\pm$10.82 months) and there were 5 late deaths(postoperatively 6 months to 2 years) due to thromboembolism in 1, after heart transplantation 1, plastic bronchitis 1, protein loosing enteropathy 1, and pneumonia in 1. Dividing the patients by the waiting interval of 2 years, the early correction to Fontal group (N=16) showed the better results(hospital mortality 1116, late mortality 1116, significant collateral development 2/16) compared to the other group(N=26) (4/26, 4/26, 16/26). In conclusion, after the bidirectional Glean-stage operation successfully got rid of the previous risk factors, we recommand to do the Fontan-stage operation no later than 2 years of interval.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.212-228
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• 2001

This is a cross-sectional descriptive correlation study that aimed to understand the relationship between the level of sexual contacts during the dates and psycho-social factors in teenage girls who have or had boyfriends. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between sexual contacts and self-esteem and self- assertiveness. The subjects of the study were 6,130 teenage girls who have or had boyfriends. They were selected convienently 12,733 teenage girls from 254 secondary schools located in 7 large cities and 9 provinces in Korea. A structured questionaire was used it included items one general characteristics, the levels of sexual contacts, self-esteem and self-assertiveness. Seven levels of sexual contacts were rated they were holding a hand, putting arms around each other's shoulders, kiss, french kiss, touching breast, petting genitalia, and sexual intercourse during the dates. Self-esteem and self-assertiveness were measured by the "Self-esteem scale" of Rogenberg (1971) and the questionaires developed by S. B. Chang et al(2000), respectively. The self-reported questionaires were collected from October 2, to October 28, 2000 and analyzed by using SPSS 10.0 Program. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, reliability, One-way ANOVA with Duncan method & Scheffe method. The results of the analysis were as follows. 1.An average Percentage of the respondents who have (46.1%) or had (53.9%) boyfriends was 48.1% (n=6,130) and the most common sexual contact during the dates was french kiss (26.7%, n=1,634). While 7.5%(458) of respondents had a sexual intercourse, 13.7%(842) of respondents didn't have any sexual contact during the dates. 2. Distribution of starting point of the first sexual contact demonstrates that 1,950 respondents (31.8%) held partner's hand at the first date and 1,367 respondents (22.3%) put arms around each other's shoulders at the 2nd or 3rd date. Sexual contacts such as kiss, french kiss, touching breast, petting genitalia, or sexual intercourse were experienced mostly at the later than the 10th date. However, surprisingly large number(1.7%) of respondents had genital contact and sexual intercourses at the first date. 3. The means of self-esteem and self-assertiveness socres of the respondents who have or had boyfriends are 27.43$({\pm}4.03)$ and 17.96$({\pm}2.55)$, respectively. The range of scores for self esteem was 10-40, 40 with most self esteem. The range of scores for self assertiveness was 7-21, 21 with most self assertiveness. 4. As sexual contacts proceeded, the means of self-esteem and self-assertiveness values decreased. In detail, the respondents having no or light sexual contacts (kiss, putting arms around each other's shoulder, holding a hand) had similar self-esteem values($p{\leq}0.05$). However, ones having relatively intensive sexual contacts (french kiss, touching breast) showed significantly lower self-esteem values($p{\leq}0.05$). Same trend has been obtained for self-assertiveness value. 5. The higher values of self-esteem and self-assertiveness values the respondents had, the later they started the moderate sexual contact (kiss, french kiss) during the dates. Interestingly, among the respondents having intensive sexual contacts (petting genitalia, sexual intercourse) during the dates, those who experienced the such contacts at the first date or later than 10th date have higher self-esteem and self-assertiveness values than one experienced the such contacts during the 2nd$\sim$9th dates, giving U-shape curve. 6. There was a significant relationship between self-esteem and self-assertiveness in girls who have or had boyfriends($P{\leq}.001$). In conclusion, the research shows that self-esteem and self-assertiveness values are significantly related with the sexual contacts of the teenage girls who have or had boyfriends. These results strongly suggest that proper sex education program for teenage girls should contain the program on improving the self-esteem and self-assertiveness. We believe that sex education program is the one of the best ways to prevent the unwanted sexual contacts and pregnancy of teenage girls.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.279-287
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• 2010

This study was to evaluate ecological conditions of Hyeongsan River watershed from April to September 2009. The ecological health assessments was based on Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI), water chemistry during 2000~2009, and the fish multi-metric model, Index of Biological Integrity (IBI). For the study, the models of IBI and QHEI were modified as 8 and 11 metric attributes, respectively. Values of IBI averaged 25.4 (n=6), which is judged as a "fair" condition (C) after the criteria of Barbour et al. (1999). The distinct spatial variation was found in the IBI. Physical habitat health, based on the values of QHEI, varied from 76 in the downriver (H6) to 150.5 in the headwater (H1) and was evidently more disturbed in the downriver reach. Values of BOD and COD averaged 2.4 $mgL^{-1}$ (range: 0.3~13.8 $mgL^{-1}$) and 4.3 $mgL^{-1}$ (scope: 0.6~12.8 $mgL^{-1}$), respectively during the study period. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) averaged 3.0 $mgL^{-1}$ and 103.5 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$, respectively, indicating a severe eutrophication, and the nutrients increased more in the downriver than the headwater. Overall, physical, chemical and IBI parameters showed a typical downriver degradation along main axis of the river from the headwater-to-the downriver. This was mainly attributed to livestock waste and residential influences along with industrial discharge from the urban region.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.7-11
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• 2006

In this paper, it is reported that film-bulk-acoustic resonator with high c-axis oriented AIN film on $Mo/SiO_2/Si(100)$ using metal-organic-chemical-vapor deposition was fabricated. The resonant frequency and anti-resonant frequency of the fabricated resonator were observed with 3.189[GHz] and 3.224[GHz], respectively. The quality factor and the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient(${k_{eff}}^2$) were measured with 24.7 and 2.65[%], respectively. The conditions of AIN deposition were substrate temperature of $950[^{\circ}C]$, pressure of 20Torr, and V-III ratio of 25000. A high c-axis oriented AIN film with $4{\times}10^{-5}[\Omega{cm}]$ resistivity of Mo bottom electrode and $4[^{\circ}]$ of AIN(0002) full-width at half-maximum(FWHM) on $Mo/SiO_2/Si(100)$ was grown successfully. The FWHM value of deposited AIN film is useful for the RF band pass filter specification for GHz-band wireless local area network.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2017

본 연구는 초분광 영상을 이용하여 수박 모종의 수분함량을 비파괴적으로 추정하기 위해 수행되었다. 단계적으로 수분 스트레스를 받은 수박(n=45) 모종을 초분광 영상시스템으로 촬영하여 모종 영역의 반사율을 추출하였고, 매 촬영 후 모종의 생체중과 건물중을 측정하여 수분함량을 계산하였다. 모종의 반사율과 계측된 수분함량을 변수로 하여 Partial Least Square Regression(PLSR) 분석을 이용하여 수분 추정 모델을 구축하였다. 수분 추정모델을 작성한 결과 Calibration(Cal.)의 정확도($R^2$)는 0.66, 정밀도(RMSE 및 RE)는 각각 1.06%, 1.14%로 나타났다. 수박 모종의 수분함량 추정모델의 정밀도는 상당히 높게 나타났으나 정확도는 낮게 나타났다. 정확도를 개선하기 위해 Confidence ellipses의 신뢰구간을 95%로 설정하였을 때 3개의 모종이 타원 밖에 위치하는 것을 발견하였으며 이를 제거 후 재분석을 하였다. 3개의 모종을 제외한 수박 모종의 수분함량 추정모델의 정확도는 0.82, 정밀도는 0.73%, 0.78%로 나타났다. 3개의 모종을 제외함으로서 모델의 정확도 및 정밀도가 상승하여 3개의 모종이 정확도 및 정밀도를 낮추는 원인이라 판단된다. 작물은 가뭄스트레스를 받을수록 반사율이 낮아지지만(Yang et al., 2010) 3개의 모종은 다른 모종의 수분함량에 비해 반사율이 큰 차이를 나타내어 정확도 및 정밀도를 낮춘 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 초분광 영상을 이용하여 수박 모종의 수분함량 추정가능성을 시사하였고, 모델의 정확도를 개선하기 위해 샘플 수 및 수분함량의 변이를 증가시키는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1499-1506
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• 2014

Random walk is used for describing random phenomenon in various areas but tests for random walk developed so far are known to suffer from size distortion and low power. Kim et al. (2014) proposed a sign test for unit root (${\rho}=1$) hypothesis based on slopes. This article proposes a Wilcoxon signed rank test based on slopes for unit root hypothesis, and compares it with the augmented Dickey-Fuller test and the sign test by a simulation study. Our results confirm that the nonparametric tests are better than ADF test for small samples like n = 30. The results also show that the sign test is better than the Wilcoxon signed rank test and that for 0 < ${\rho}$ < 1 (-1 < ${\rho}$ < 0), the nonparametric tests suffer from power loss (improvement) as normal error changes to double exponential error.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.527-534
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• 1992

Raney nickel was used as catalyst in the hydrogen electrode for an alkaline fuel cell. The hydrogen electrode manufactured with the Raney nickel catalyst which was sintered at $700^{\circ}C$ was found to have the highest electrode performance. Using the Raney nickel powder of average particle size $90{\AA}$ for the electrode, the current density which had been measured was $450mA/cm^2$ at $80^{\circ}C$ using 6N KOH solution as an electrolyte. The effects of PTFE addition were investigated with CO-chemisorption, polarization curves and Tafel slope. CO-chemisorption had shown the optimum value when the Raney nickel was mixed with 5wt% of PTFE, but from the current density and Tafel slope at porous Raney nickel electrode, the appropriate value of PTFE addition was 10wt%. Recommendable Ni and Al portion for Raney nickel was 60 : 40 and loading amount was $0.25g/cm^2$. Also the influence of pressing pressure for manufacturing catalytic layer and for junction with gas diffusion layer was examined. The morphology of catalyst surface was investigated with SEM. The influence of reactivation time and heat-treatment temperature were also studied.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2002

In recent years, the security of hardware and software systems is one of the most essential factor of our safe network community. As elliptic Curve Cryptosystems proposed by N. Koblitz and V. Miller independently in 1985, require fewer bits for the same security as the existing cryptosystems, for example RSA, there is a net reduction in cost size, and time. In this thesis, we propose an efficient hardware architecture of underlying field arithmetic processor for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems, and a very useful method for implementing the architecture, especially multiplicative inverse operator over GF$GF (2^m)$ onto FPGA and futhermore VLSI, where the method is based on optimized unit operation components. We optimize the arithmetic processor for speed so that it has a resonable number of gates to implement. The proposed architecture could be applied to any finite field $F_{2m}$. According to the simulation result, though the number of gates are increased by a factor of 8.8, the multiplication speed We optimize the arithmetic processor for speed so that it has a resonable number of gates to implement. The proposed architecture could be applied to any finite field $F_{2m}$. According to the simulation result, though the number of gates are increased by a factor of 8.8, the multiplication speed and inversion speed has been improved 150 times, 480 times respectively compared with the thesis presented by Sarwono Sutikno et al. [7]. The designed underlying arithmetic processor can be also applied for implementing other crypto-processor and various finite field applications.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1983

A series of laboratory experiment was conducted to find out the chemical composition, characterization of humic substances by physical and chemical methods and reaction of Na-pyrophosphate, $Ca(OH)_2$ and rice straw with albumin on the degradation of soil organic matter in the volcanic ask soils of the Jeju Island. Results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The contents of organic matter, available silicon, active iron and aluminum concentration in volcanic ash the soils were remarkably higher but available phosphorous was comparatively lower than the mineral soils. In volcanic ash soil, the contents of potassium, calcium and magnessium were higher in upland soil than that of forest soil. The ratios of active $Al^{{+}{+}{+}}/Fe^{{+}{+}}$, C/P and $K/Ca^+$ Mg were apparently high in volcanic ash soils while that of $SiO_2$/O.M. was high in mineral soil. 2. The carbon/nitrogen ratio in humin, humic acid content in organic matter, and carbon contents of humin in total carbon of soil organic matter were apparently higher in the volcanic ash soils than in the mineral soils, The total nitrogen and fractions of acid or alkali soluble nitrogen were remarkably high in volcanic ash soils while mineralizable nitrogen ($NH_4$-N and $NO_3$) contents were high in mineral soils. 3. The values of K600, RF and log K were also higher in volcanic ash soils than those in mineral soils, and the absorbance in the visible range were high and color was dark in the soil of which humification was progressed Extracted humic acid from volcanic ash soil was less reactive to the oxidizing chemical reagent and was persistance to the acid or alkali hydrolysises. 4. The major oxygen-containing functional groups in humic substances of volcanic ash soils were phenolic-OH alcoholic-OH and carboxyl groups while those in mineral soil were methoxyl and carbonyl groups. 5. Absorption spectra of alkaline solution of humic acid ranged from 200 nm to maxima 500 nm. Visible spectra peaks of from humic substances in the visible region were recognized at 350, 420, 450 and 480 nm. Only one single absorbance peak was observed in the visible region at 362 nm for Heugag series and two absorbance Peak were also at 360 nm and 390 nm for Yeungrag series. 6. Evolution of carbon as $Co_2$ was increased with addition of Na-pyrophosphate in Namweon and Heugag series, and "priming effects" took place on the soil organic matter decomposition by addition of rice straw with albumin in Ido series.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 2023

Ground-level ozone affects human health and plant growth. Ozone is produced by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. In this study, two different land cover and emission factor datasets were input to the MEGAN v2.1 emission model to examine how these parameters contribute to the biogenic emissions and ozone production. Four input sensitivity scenarios (A, B, C and D) were generated from land cover and vegetation emission factors combination. The effects of BVOCs emissions by scenario were also investigated. From air quality modeling result using CAMx, maximum 1 hour ozone concentrations were estimated 62 ppb, 60 ppb, 68 ppb, 65 ppb, 55 ppb for scenarios A, B, C, D and E, respectively. For maximum 8 hour ozone concentration, 57 ppb, 56 ppb, 63 ppb, 60 ppb, and 53 ppb were estimated by scenario. The minimum difference by land cover was up to 25 ppb and by emission factor that was up to 35 ppb. From the modeling performance evaluation using ground ozone measurement over the six regions (East Seoul, West Seoul, Incheon, Namyangju, Wonju, and Daegu), the model performed well in terms of the correlation coefficient (0.6 to 0.82). For the 4 urban regions (East Seoul, West Seoul, Incheon, and Namyangju), ozone simulations were not quite sensitive to the change of BVOC emissions. For rural regions (Wonju and Daegu) , however, BVOC emission affected ozone concentration much more than previously mentioned regions, especially in case of scenario C. This implies the importance of biogenic emissions on ozone production over the sub-urban to rural regions.