• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2021

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enhances the stability of cathode materials via surface modification. Previous studies have demonstrated that an Ni-rich cathode, such as LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂, is a promising candidate owing to its high capacity, but is limited by poor cycle stability. In this study, to enhance the stability of the Ni-rich cathode, synthesized LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ was coated with Al₂O₃ using ALD. Thus, the surface-modified cathode exhibited enhanced stability by protecting the interface from Ni-O formation during the cycling process. The coated LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ exhibited a capacity of 176 mAh g^-1 at 1 C and retained up to 72% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles within a range of 2.8-4.3 V (vs Li/Li⁺. In contrast, pristine LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ presented only 58% of capacity retention after 100 cycles with an initial capacity of 173 mAh g^-1. Improved cyclability may be a result of the ALD coating, which physically protects the electrode by modifying the interface, and prevents degradation by resisting side reactions that result in capacity decay. The electrochemical impedance spectra and structural and morphological analysis performed using electron microscopy and X-ray techniques establish the surface enhancement resulting from the aforementioned strategy.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.134-134
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• 2010

Fuel cell is a device that directly converts chemical energy in the form of a fuel into electrical energy by way of an electrochemical reaction. In the anode for a high temperature fuel cell, nickel or nickel alloy has been used in consideration of the cost, oxidation catalystic ability of hydrogen which is used as fuel, electron conductivity, and high temperature stability in reducing atmosphere. Most MCFC stacks currently operate at an average temperature of $650^{\circ}C$. There is some gains with decreased temperature in MCFC to diminish the electrolyte loss from evaporation and the material corrosion, which could improve the MCFC life. However, operating temperature has a strong related on a number of electrode reaction rates and ohmic losses. Baker et al. reported the effect of temperature (575 to $650^{\circ}C$). The rates of cell voltage loss were 1.4mV/$^{\circ}C$ for a reduction in temperature from 650 to $600^{\circ}C$, and 2.16mV/$^{\circ}C$ for a decrease from 600 to $575^{\circ}C$. The two major contributors responsible for the change in cell voltage with reducing operation temperature are the ohmic polarization and electrode polarization. It appears that in the temperature range of 550 to $650^{\circ}C$, about 1/3 of the total change in cell voltage with decreasing temperature is due to an increase in ohmic polarization, and the electrode polarization at the anode and cathode. In addition, the oxidation reaction of hydrogen on an ordinary nickel alloy anode in MCFC is generally considered to take place in the three phase zone, but anyway the area contributing to this reaction is limited. Therefore, in order to maintain a high performance of the fuel cell, it is necessary to keep this reaction responsible area as wide as possible, that is, it is needed to keep the porosity and specific surface area of the anode at a high level. In this study effective anodes are prepared for low temperature MCFC capable of enhancing the cell performance by using zirconium hydride at least in part of anode material.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.346-350
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• 2002

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with 2,2':6':2”-terpyridine (2,2':6':2”-TPR) using a spin coating method was applied for the highly selective and sensitive analysis of a trace amount of $Hg_2^{2+}$ ions. Various experimental parameters, which influenced the response of the 2,2':6':2”-TPR modified electrode to $Hg_2^{2+}$ ions, were optimized. The linear sweep and differential pulse voltammograms for the 2,2':6':2”-TPR modified electrode deposited with Hg show a well-defined anodic peak at +0.65 V (vs. Ag|AgCl). After a 25 min preconcentration time in an $Hg_2^{2+}$ ion solution (0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0), differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) with 2,2':6':2”-TPR modified electrode shows a linear response between $1.0\;{\times}\;10^{-6}M\;and\;2.0\;{\times}\;10^{-7}M$. The least-square treatment of these data produce an equation of I[${\mu}A$] = 0.031 + 0.005C with r = 0.980(n = 5). The detection limit of this electrode with linear sweep voltammetry and differential pulse anodic voltammetry were $2.0\;{\times}\;10^{-6}M\;and\;8.0\;{\times}\;10^{-8}M$, respectively. The presence of Pb, Fe, Cd, Ti, Ni, Co, Mg, Al, Mn, and Zn did not interfere in the analysis of the $Hg_2^{2+}$ ion. The 2,2':6':2”-TPR modified GCE has been successfully applied in determination trace amounts of Hg in a human urine sample.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 DC 마그네트론 스퍼터를 사용하여 Cr/Co/Al-Ox/Co/Ni-Fe 다층박막에 다양한 두께의 Cr 하지층을 삽입함에 따른 자기적 특성 및 전기적 특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 3 nm 두께의 Cr 하지층 증착시 자기저항비의 변화는 관찰할 수 없었고 적정한 Cr두께가 증가함에 따라 Co의 보자력이 크게 증가되었다 또한, 산화시간이 길수록 두 강자성층간에 보자력 차이 및 절연층의 저항이 점차 증가하였는데, 이는 산화시간에 따라 상부층 계면의 평탄성의 증가에 기인하는 것으로 생각되며 TEM을 통하여 확인할 수 있었다. Cr 하지층 유무에 관계없이 최고 자기저항비가 나타나는 절연층의 산화시간은 60~70초로 비슷하였지만 Cr 두께가 증가할수록 자기저항비는 감소하였다. 이는 전극간 계면의 거칠기의 증가로 인해 미반응 Al의 잔존 확률이 상대적으로 커짐에 따라 터널 전자의 산란이 증가함으로써 나타나는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과로 Cr하지층의 두께는 3 nm로 고정하였으며 하지층의 증착 및 적정산화를 통하여 두 강자성층간에 큰 보자력 차이를 유도할 수 있었다. 이는 재현성에 있어서 가장 큰 문제점을 지닌 TMR 소자에 매우 긍정적인 해결방안을 제시할 수 있게 된다.̄

• 전기화학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2001

용융탄산염 연료전지의 장기 운전시 각 전극별 분극의 변화를 Au, $CO_2/O_2$ 기준전극이 부착된 단위전지를 이용하여 성공적으로 해석하였다. 서로 다른 구성요소로 조합된 네 가지 단위 전지를 운전하며 각 전극의 분극을 해석한 결과, 이미 알려진 바와 같이 공기극의 분극 크기가 연료극의 경우보다 큰 것을 실험적으로 측정할 수 있었다. 고온 부식 방지를 위해 cell frame의 wet seal부분에 Al코팅을 한 전지는 6,000시간까지 성능을 유지하여 부식이 전지 성능 저하에 큰 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 한편, $LiCoO_2$가 코팅된 안정화 공기극은 일반적으로 사용되는 NiO 공기극보다 lithiation에 필요한 시간이 길어 운전 초기에 공기극 분극이 크고 성능이 낮았으나 지속적인 운전으로 공기극이 충분히 lithiation되면서 공기극의 분극이 작아지고 성능도 점차 증가하였다. $Li_2CO_3/Na_2CO_3$ 전해질을 사용한 전지는 운전 중 성능이 하락과 상승을 반복하는 진동현상을 보였는데 이는 연료극보다는 공기극의 영향으로 해석되었다. 대부분의 단위전지들이 급격한 성능 하락을 보였을 경우의 공기극 분극은 급격히 증가하였으며 이로써 용융탄산염 연료전지의 수명 향상을 위해서는 공기극의 개선이 필수적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.181-185
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• 1997

The electrochemical properties of the $AB_2$-type (Zr-Ti-V-Ni-Cr-Co-Mn) metal hydride electrodes prepared by ball milling with $AB_5-type\{(LM)Ni_{3.6}Al_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}\}$(LM : Lanthanum-rich mischmetal) alloy powder as a surface activator were investigated. By ball milling with $AB_5$ type alloy powder, the activation of $AB_2$ type metal hydride electrode was accelerated resulting in an increase of discharge capacity from 35% to 85% of the maximum capacity at the first cycle. As the amount of surface activator increased the activation rate increased, whereas the discharge capacity increased with 10wt% and decreased with 20wt% addition of the surface activator. When the amount of the surface activator was kept constant as 10wt%, the discharge capacity and the activation rate increased with ball milling time up to 20 hours. However beyond 20 hours of ball milling time, they decreased drastically due to the nano-crystallization or amorphorzation of the alloy powder.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2005

Al-Zn alloy/$MnO_2$, seawater cell was considered as a primary aqueous cell with an average voltage range from 1.0 to 1.1V, and the electrolyte of seawater was uptaken into the cell. Eventually, the capacity of its usage will be used for long-term. However, the more use of this cell, the higher corrosion phenomenon of the electrode occurred. Due to its corrosion phenomenon, one main default has been observed with gradual decrease during a discharge process. In this research, a common-used active material for anode was $LiNiO_2$. An active material for cathode, $Zn_{X}FeS_2$ was synthesized in high temperature by uptaken a small amount of 1.3 wt% of ZnS into $FeS_2$, one of the transition-metal dichalcogenides in high temperature. Consequently, based on their usages shown above, this secondary aqueous lithium cell could be more developed. This cell was shown as remarkable charge/discharge performance during the charge/discharge processes. This cathode with active material was given a considerable efficiency of inserting $Li^+$ ions. Moreever, in accordance with the characteristic of the crystal structure for $Zn_{x}FeS_2$, a small amount of ZnS was added which made it possible to reduce prominently velocity of corrosion during the charge/discharge cycle. By applying those merits, Al-Zn alloy/$MnO_2$ seawater cell will be used as a fundamental data in order to transform into a secondary aqueous cell.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권8호
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• pp.929-935
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• 1995

구동 IC를 유리기판 위의 Al패드 전극에 연결하는 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 모듈을 실장하는 Chip On Glass (COG) 기술을 개발하기 위하여 기존에 잘 알려진 기술 가운데 실제로 적용 가능성이 가장 유망한 이방성 도전 접착제 (ACA, Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives)를 사용한 공정에 대하여 조사하였다. ACA 공정은 본딩 부분에 ACA 수지를 균일하게 분포시키는 공정과 자외선을 조사하여 수지를 경화하여 칩을 실장하는 공정의 2단계로 진행하였다. 칩에 가해준 하중은 2-15kg이었고 칩의 예열 온도는 12$0^{\circ}C$이었다. 이방성 도전체는 Au 또는 Ni이 표면 피막 재료로 사용된 것을 사웅하였으며 전도성 입자의 갯수가 500, 1000, 2000, 4000개/$\textrm{mm}^2$이며 크기가 5, 7, 12$\mu\textrm{m}$이었다. ACA 처리의 결과 입자 크기가 5$\mu\textrm{m}$이고 입자 밀도는 4000개/$\textrm{mm}^2$일 경우가 대단히 낮은 접촉 저항 및 가장 안정된 본딩 특성을 나타냈었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.530-538
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• 2016

There is a close relationship between the performance and the heat generation of the electronic device. Heat generation causes a significant degradation of the durability and/or efficiency of the device. It is necessary to have an effective method to release the generated heat. Based on demands of the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, it is necessary to develop a robust and reliable plating technique for substrates with high thermal conductivity, such as alumina ($Al_2O_3$), aluminium nitride (AlN), and silicon nitride ($Si_3N_4$). In this study, the plating of metal layers on an insulating silicon nitride ($Si_3N_4$) ceramic substrate was developed. We formed a Pd-$TiO_2$ adhesion layer and used APTES(3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane) to form OH groups on the surface and adhere the metal layer on the insulating $Si_3N_4$ substrate. We used an electroless Ni plating without sensitization/activation process, as Pd particles were nucleated on the $TiO_2$ layer. The electrical resistivity of Ni and Cu layers is $7.27{\times}10^{-5}$ and $1.32{\times}10^{-6}ohm-cm$ by 4 point prober, respectively. The adhesion strength is 2.506 N by scratch test.

• 공업화학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.527-534
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• 1992

Raney nickel 촉매를 이용하여 알칼리형 연료전지의 수소극을 제작하였다. $700^{\circ}C$에서 소결한 Raney nickel로 제작한 수소극의 경우 가장 좋은 전극성능을 갖는 $450mA/cm^2$의 전류밀도를 나타냈으며 이때의 평균촉매입자 크기는 $90{\AA}$이었다. CO-chemisorption 측정 및 분극곡선과 Tafel slope를 통하여 PTFE의 첨가량에 대한 전극의 전기화학적 성능을 고찰하였다. CO-chemisorption 측정 결과 5wt%의 PTFE가 첨가되었을 때 최고값을 갖는 것이 확인되었으나 전극에서의 전류밀도와 Tafel slope를 비교한 결과 10wt%의 PTFE를 첨가하는 경우가 가장 적당함을 알았다. Raney nickel제조시 nicke과 aluminum의 함량비는 60:40의 경우에 가장 좋은 전극 특성을 나타내었으며 담지량은 $0.25g/cm^2$의 경우가 적당하였다. 전극제조시 촉매층의 press압 및 촉매층과 기체확산층과의 접합시의 Press압에 대한 영향도 검토하였다. 또한 촉매의 표면 구조를 SEM으로 관찰하였으며 활성화시간 및 열처리 온도 등 여러가지 조건에 대한 전극의 영향도 고찰하였다.