• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.110-117
• /
• 2007

In vitro toxicity tests such as cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity assay are useful for evaluating the relative toxicity of smoke or smoke condensates obtained from different cigarette configurations. A major disadvantage of these tests is relatively time-consuming, complicated and expensive. Recently, a cell-free glutathione consumption assay (GCA) as a rapid and simple screening method for the toxicity assessment of smoke has been reported by Cahours et al. (CORESTA, 2006). This study was carried out to assess the GCA application capable of predicting the toxicity of gas/vapor phase (GVP) of cigarette smoke and to identify individual compounds responsible for the glutathione (GSH) consumption in smoke. Each GVPs from 2R4F, standard cigarette, carbon filter cigarette (ExC) and new carbon filter cigarette (ExN), test cigarettes were collected by automatic smoking machine and evaluated the relative toxicity by GCA and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay. Toxic compounds existed in smoke were also chosen, relative toxicities of these compounds were screened by using two methods and compared individually. The overall order of toxicity by GCA was 2R4F > ExC > ExN, which was consistent with the result of Neutral Red Uptake assay. The levels of carbonyl compounds of ExN were lower than those of 2R4F and ExC, indicating that GSH consumption was associated with carbonyl compound yields. A major toxicant under current study is acrolein, which contributed to more than half of the GSH consumption. Collectively, the toxicity of GVP determined by GCA method may be mainly attributed to acrolein.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2003.10b
• /
• pp.69.1-69.1
• /
• 2003

Fumonisins are a family of mycotoxins produced from Fusarium verticillioides. Most of fumonisin B1 (FB1) toxicities can be explained by its ability to alter sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide synthase. At least, the elevation in dihydrosphingosine (DHS) mediates the earliest toxicity of FB1. Some tissues such as kidney and liver, may be most affected by FB1 because they shows high rates of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Recent review on FB1 toxicity by A.H. Merrill Jr. et al. suggested the possible role of dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate (dihydroS1P), which sometimes elevated in cell- or tissue specific manners. (omitted)

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.355-361
• /
• 2011

Effects of aluminum (Al) on plasma vitellogenin (VTG), alkaline-labile phosphorus (ALPP), calcium (Ca), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), the hepatosomatic index (HSI), and hepatic Al concentration were examined in estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$)-administered immature rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with $E_2$ (5 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and/or Al (0, 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg BW) and plasma and liver samples were extracted 7 days later. After sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the relative amount of VTG was determined by integrated optical density. VTG accounted for 23.6% of the total proteins in the control group, but this value decreased with increasing Al administration. Al reduced the concentrations of ALPP and Ca in a concentration-dependent manner and significant reduction occurred at Al concentrations greater than 5 mg/kg. The concentration of GPT increased in a concentration-dependent manner in all Al-administered rockfish. The concentrations of Al in the liver also increased, and HSI was decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that Al inhibits $E_2$-induced VTG production by being toxic to hepatocytes in marine fish.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.265-266
• /
• 2001

PCDDS and PCDFs are very stable chcmicals and have very long residence times in the environment and in organisms, including humans. Their hydrophobicity promotes accumulation in sediments and organisms, resulting in high concentrations in both sediments and organisms. Among toxicological effects reports arc teratogenicity, reduce reproduction, liver toxicity, decreased growth rate and behavioral changes (Zeise et al., 1990; Huff, 1992). PCDDs/DFs are inadvertently produced from various combustion sources and manufacturing processes, such as municipal solid waste incineration (Olie et at., 1977), motor vehicles (Marklund et al., 1987), steel mills (Tysklind et al., 1989), and chemical production processes (Hutzinger et al., 1985). (omitted)

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2015

We previously identified Streptomyces griseus as an anti-cancer agent (Kim et al., 2014). In this study, we isolated compounds from S. griseus and evaluated their anticancer effect and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was used to obtain three compounds, cyclo($_{\small{L}}$-[4-hydroxyprolinyl]-$_{\small{L}}$-leucine], cyclo($_{\small{L}}$-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-$_{\small{L}}$-Pro) and phenethyl acetate (PA). We chose PA, which had the highest anticancer activity, as a target compound for further experiments. PA induced the formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, DNA accumulation in $G_0/G_1$ phase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Furthermore, PA treatment increased Bax/Bcl-xL expression, activated caspase-3, and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in HL-60 cells. Simultaneous evaluation in vitro and in vivo, revealed that PA exhibited no toxicity in Vero cells and zebrafish embryos. We revealed, for the first time, that PA generates ROS, and that this ROS accumulation induced the Bcl signaling pathway.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.66-78
• /
• 2010

Acute (24 h) and chronic (90 days) oral toxicity studies on the ethanol extract of Trigonella foenumgraecum Leguminosae (L.) seeds were carried out. Acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0 and 3 g/kg while chronic dosage was 100 mg/kg per day of the extract. All morphological, biochemical, haematological and spermatogenic changes, in addition to mortality, body weight changes and any change in vital organs were recorded. Histopathological investigations were done on vital organs. Growth arrest in the treated animals was observed. The treated mice gained no significant weight during chronic treatment while there was a significant gain in body weight of the control group mice. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in blood sugar levels of fenugreek treatment groups while haematological parameters remained comparable to the control. In the treatment, male group there was a significant decrease in weight of testes as compared to the control. There was a marginal weight gain in kidney weight of mice after chronic treatment as compared to the control. Fenugreek chronic treatment caused a highly significant spermatotoxic effects in male mice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2007.04a
• /
• pp.4-17
• /
• 2007

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
• /
• 2000.05a
• /
• pp.88-89
• /
• 2000

Chitosan is derived from chitin by deacetylation in the presence of alkali, which is a copolymer consisting of $\beta$-(1longrightarrow4)-2-acetamido-D-glucose and $\beta$-(1longrightarrow4)-2-amino-D-glucose units with the latter usually exceeding 80% (Arvanitoyannis et al., 1998). Chitosan has been developed as new physiological material since it possesses antibacterial activity, hypocholesterolemic activity and antihypertensive action. However, even though chitosan has very strong functional properties in many areas, its high molecular weight and high viscosity may restrict the use in vivo. In addition, there is little doubt that such properties will influence absorption in the human intestine. Recently, studies on chitosan have attracted interest for converted chitosan to oligosaccharide, because the oligosaccharide possesses not only water-soluble property but also versatile functional properties such as antitumor activity, immune-enhancing effects, enhancement of protective effects against infection with some pathogens in mice, antifungal activity, calcium absorption accelerating effect (Jeon et al., 1999) and antimicrobial activity. There is, however, little information on the toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide. (omitted)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.298-302
• /
• 2019

Acidic soil significantly reduces crop productivity mainly due to aluminum (Al) toxicity. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots were exposed to aluminum stress (Al₃⁺) in calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution (pH4.5) and root growth, physiological and antioxidant enzyme responses were investigated. The root growth (length) was significantly inhibited after 48 h of aluminum stress imposition. Histochemical staining with hematoxylin indicated significant accumulation of aluminum in Al stress-treated root tissues. Histochemical assay were also performed to detect superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation, which were found to be more in root tissues treated with higher aluminum concentrations. The enzymatic activity of CAT, POD and GR in root tissues was slightly increased after Al stress treatment. The result suggests that Al stress alters root growth in alfalfa and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and demonstrates that antioxidant enzymes involved in detoxification of Al-mediated oxidative stress.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.466-474
• /
• 2013

Despite the reports on safety concerns regarding the relationship between aluminum salts and neurological and bone disease, many countries continue to use aluminum as phosphate binders among patients with renal failure. In search for a diet supplement that could reduce aluminum toxicity related to renal failure, we carried out this prospective animal study in which the fenugreek seeds were assessed for their effects on rats nephrotoxicity induced by aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$). Oral $AlCl_3$ administration during 5 months (500 mg/kg bw i.g for one month then 1600 ppm via drinking water) led to plasma biochemical changes, an inhibition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a decrease of total antioxidant status (TAS), and an induction of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the blood and brain, in addition to kidney atrophy and morphological alterations at the level of Bowman's capsule, the glomerulus and different sorts of tubules, reminiscent of some known kidney disease. The treatment with the whole fenugreek seed powder (FSP) (5% in the diet) during the last 2 months showed its effectiveness in restoring normal plasma values of urea, creatinine, ALP and glucose, as well as re-increasing the TAS, inhibiting LPO and alleviating histopathological changes in the injured kidneys. This study highlights the induced nephrotoxicicity, as well as the related toxicity in the brain and bone, by chronic oral ingestion of the aluminum salts. However, the maintenance of a diet supplemented with fenugreek seeds could offer protection for the kidney, bone and brain, at the same time.