• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2018

The objectives of this research were to 1) isolate and identify thermophilic bacteria for food waste treatment; 2) investigate the capability of food waste treatment using Bacillus species; and 3) develop air-dried Bacillus starters for food waste treatment. Five Bacillus species were isolated from food wastes and identified as Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) G1, Bacillus circulans C2, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) E1, Bacillus vanillea F1, and Bacillus atrophaeus G2 based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Each identified Bacillus and the mixture of Bacillus species were cultivated in the standard food waste at $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 d. Changes in cell count, solid contents, and pH of the food waste were monitored during cultivation. Air-dried Bacillus cell powders were prepared using wheat flour and lactomil as excipients, and the cell count and survival rate were determined. The cell count of B. licheniformis G1 exhibited the highest number among the tested Bacillus (${\sim}10^8CFU/mL$). The greatest reduction in solid contents of food waste was achieved by B. subtilis E1 (22.6%). The mixture of B. licheniformis G1 and B. subtilis E1 exhibited a synergistic effect on the reduction of solid contents. Lactomil was determined as better excipient than wheat flour based on the greatest survival rate of 95%.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 2017

저온 적응성 효모 SCY297의 종균 방법에 따른 생존율과 약주 제조시 양조 특성을 조사하였다. 동결건조, 송풍건조 및 액체 제형 방법으로 제조한 다음, 실온에서 장기 저장에 따른 효모의 생존율과 양조 특성을 비교하였다. 또한, 부형제로 skim milk, ${\alpha}$-lactose, trehalose를 5%씩 첨가하여 생존율과 양조특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 부형제가 첨가된 동결건조 및 액체 제형 SCY297 효모는 실온에서 15주까지 약 80% 이상의 생존율을 나타내었고, 송풍건조는 skim milk 첨가한 경우만 약 80% 이상 생존율을 나타내었다. 저장기간 및 제형화된 효모 SCY297로 약주를 발효하여 그 술덧을 분석한 결과, 동결건조 및 송풍건조된 SCY297는 무처리 SCY297보다 적정산도는 0.61, 아미노산도는 14.23 증가하였고, 알코올 함량은 5.07% 감소하였다. 액체 SCY297는 무처리 SCY297보다 pH 1.86, 아미노산도는 5.1 증가하였고, 알코올 함량은 2.9%로 감소량이 낮았다. 따라서 본 연구 결과, 종래의 고상형 방법보다 액상형 방법을 통한 종균화 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 2012

Panax ginseng (PG) is a globally utilized medicinal herb. The medicinal effects of PG are primarily attributable to ginsenosides located in the root and leaf. The leaves of PG are known to be rich in various bioactive ginsenosides, and the therapeutic effects of ginseng extract and ginsenosides have been associated with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. We examined the effect of PG leaf extract and the isolated ginsenosides, on nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$transcriptional activity and target gene expression by applying a luciferase assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$-treated hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Air-dried PG leaf extract inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$transcription activity and NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression more efficiently than the steamed extract. Of the 10 ginsenosides isolated from PG leaves, Rd and Km most significantly inhibited activity in a dose-dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ values of $12.05{\pm}0.82$ and $8.84{\pm}0.99\;{\mu}M$, respectively. Furthermore, the ginsenosides Rd and Km inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression levels of the COX-2 and iNOS gene in HepG2 cells. Air-dried leaf extracts and their chemical components, ginsenoside Rd and Km, are involved in the suppression of TNF-${\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent iNOS and COX-2 gene expression. Consequently, air-dried leaf extract from PG, and the purified ginsenosides, have therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1338-1344
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• 2016

The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of different concentrations of extracts of hot air-dried ramie leaf (HR) and freeze-dried ramie leaf (FR) in 3T3-L1 cells and pig preadipocytes. To analyze the effect on cell proliferation, cells were treated with $25{\mu}g/mL$ or $100{\mu}g/mL$ HR or FR extract for 2 days. Cell differentiation was evaluated by measuring glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities and intracellular triglyceride content. Treatment with either HR or FR extracts inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells and pig preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. HR extract treatment inhibited the differentiation of both cell types more effectively than FR treatment. The extent of triglyceride accumulation decreased significantly in both cells following either HR or FR treatment. Furthermore, LPL activity significantly decreased after treatment with HR or FR extract. These results indicated that HR and FR extracts may inhibit proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and pig preadipocytes. Further studies are needed to explore the anti-obesity effect of HR and FR extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.38-50
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• 1998

Laser cutting tests were conducted to investigate the laser cutting characteristics of solid woods such as 25mm-thick white oak(Quercus acutissima) and maple(Acer mono), and wood-based panels such as 15mm-thick medium density fiberboard and particleboard. Test variables were laser power, cutting speed, grain direction, and moisture content. Specific cutting energy was measured and the qualities of cut surface were estimated in constant laser power. Specific cutting energy of white oak was larger than that of maple, and specific cutting energy of medium density fiberboard was smaller than that of particleboard. For both white oak and maple, specific cutting energy of green wood was smaller than that of air-dried wood because weight loss of moisture evaporation in green wood was larger than that in air-dried wood. In laser-cut surface, wood cells were not deformed and damaged, but in circular saw-cut surface fibers were pushed out and cut, and wood cells were deformed severely. However, mechanical surface roughness of saw-cut surface was smoother than that of laser-cut surface because of the existence of undeformed cell cavity in laser-cut surface.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

건조 방식에 따른 미선나무 잎의 항산화 활성 및 항염증 효과를 확인한 결과, 높은 항산화 활성를 나타냈으며, 건조 잎에 비해 생잎의 항산화 활성이 뛰어났다. 페놀류 화합물의 함량은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 미선나무의 활성물질로 알려진 acteoside의 함량을 분석한 결과, 생잎의 acteoside의 함량이 높았다. 또한 항염증 효과를 확인하기 위해 nitric oxide의 함량 및 세포 수준에서의 염증 관련 인자인 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현 및 mRNA 수준을 확인한 결과, 생잎의 억제활성이 건조잎보다 높았다. 이를 통해 건조 잎에 비해 생잎의 이용가치가 높았으며, 이러한 항산화 및 항염증 활성은 acteoside의 함량의 차이와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2014

본 연구는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 국내산 건고추의 품질 기준을 제시하기 위하여 농가에서 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 열풍 건조한 고추와 소비자가 선호하는 태양 건조한 고추를 지역별로 수집하여 물리화학적 및 미생물학적 품질비교를 하였다. 열풍건조한 고추와 태양 건조 고추의 건물량으로 환산한 캡사이신노이드 함량의 경우 열풍건조 시료는 10.85~126.39 mg%, 태양 건조 시료는 0.43~164.09 mg%로 넓은 범위의 분포도를 나타내었고, 총 유리당 함량은 각각 10.82~20.77%, 9.26~23.10%로 건조 방법에 따른 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 ASTA 값과 비타민 C 함량의 경우, 열풍건조 시료는 49.12~154.69, 0.0~1,010 mg%, 태양건조 시료는 70.08~182.13, 620~1,050 mg%로 태양건조 시료가 열풍건조 시료보다 높은 범위의 값을 보였다. 총균수와 효모의 경우, 열풍건조 시료군은 2.01~6.67 log CFU/g, 1.03~4.12 log CFU/g이었고, 태양 건조 시료군은 1.74~5.77 log CFU/g, 1.05~6.10 log CFU/g이었다. 또 병원성 미생물인 Clostridium perfringens와 Bacillus cereus도 건조 방법에 상관없이 검출되었다. 한편 이들 품질 특성들을 이용한 주성분 분석 결과 제1요인은 38.47%, 제2요인은 18.31%였고, 총 설명력은 56.78%였다. PC1은 비타민 C, ASTA값, 색도와 관련이 있었고, PC 2는 수분함량, 미생물 수, 건조 방법과 관련이 있었다. 본 연구결과는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 고춧가루의 건조방법에 따른 품질 차이와 미생물의 오염도가 확인되었고, 소비자가 원하는 고추 품질 지표에 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권5
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• pp.591-597
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• 2005

This study tried to investigate the best mixing ratio by reviewing the quality characteristics such as moisture content, chromaticity and texture, and sensory characteristics of Seolgidduk made of different ratios of persimmon extracts. A and b color values appeared to increase and L value (lightness) to decrease according to the increase of persimmon extracts ratio. In the case of texture, hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness increased according to the increase of added amount of dried persimmon extracts. The inside section of Seolgidduk was investigated through scanning electron microphotograph, and the $15\%$ of dried persimmon extracts had the smallest and uniform air cells. Seolgidduk with $15\%$ persimmon extracts showed the highest color, flavor and chewiness scores of 3.85, 3.65, and 3.80 from sensory evaluation, respectively. The moistness displayed significant differences according to the increment of the extract Seolgidduk with $15\%$ persimmon extracts displayed the highest overall acceptability of 3.95, while that of the control 3.10. From the above results, $15\%$ mixing ratio of dried persimmons extracts seems to be the most desirable for making Seolgidduk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1305-1310
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• 2012

Breast cancer cells undergo transformation when they spread into surrounding tissues. Studies have shown that cancer cells undergo surface alterations and interact with the surrounding microenvironment during the invasion process. The aim of the present study was to analyse these cancer cell surface alterations and interactions of cancer cells and stroma. Twenty 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced breast cancer samples taken from five rats were fixed in McDowell-Trump fixative and then washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The samples were then treated with osmium tetroxide before being washed in distilled water and subsequently dehydrated through graded ethanols. The dehydrated samples were immersed in hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), then following removal of excess HMDS, the samples were air dried at room temperature in a dessicator. The dried samples were mounted onto specimen stubs and coated with gold coater before being viewed under a scanning electron microscope. We detected the presence of membrane ruffles on the surface of cancer cells and the formation of unique surface membrane protrusions to enhance movement and adhesion to the surrounding stroma during the process of invasion. Advancing cancer cells demonstrated formation of lamellipodia and invadopodia. The stroma at the advancing edge was desmoplastic with many collagen fibres laid down near the cancer cells. Our data suggest that all of these abnormalities could act as hallmarks of invasiveness for breast cancer.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.509-512
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• 2011

동결건조 쌀죽의 품질특성에 미치는 동결속도의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 쌀죽을 -20, -40, -70$^{\circ}C$의 동결 온도에서 동결시킨 후 동결건조시킨 제품을 제조하여 이들 제품의 미세구조, 물리적 강도, 조직감 및 재수화율을 조사하였다. 전자주사현미경을 통한 이들 제품의 미세구조를 관찰한 결과 완만동결(-20$^{\circ}C$)시킨 것이 급속동결(-70$^{\circ}C$)에 비해 공극의 크기가 크고 그 수가 적었다. 반면에 급속동결시킨 제품은 보다 조직이 치밀하고 물리적인 강도가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 큰 값을 나타냈다. 수화복원율은 -20$^{\circ}C$에서 동결시킨 제품이 -40, -70$^{\circ}C$에서 동결시킨 제품보다 높았다. 따라서 품질이 우수하고 사용이 간편한 동결건조 쌀죽을 제조하기 위해서는 최적의 동결 온도의 선택이 필수적임을 알 수 있었다.