• Advances in environmental research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-159
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• 2018

Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) is a class of biogenically emitted oxygenated hydrocarbons that have been identified as a potential source of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA) via aqueous oxidation. The physico-chemical properties of GLVs are vital to understanding their fate and transport in the atmosphere via fog processing, but few experimental data are available. We studied the aqueous solubility, 1-octanol/water partition coefficient, and Henry's law constant ($K_H$) of five GLVs at $25^{\circ}C$: methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and cis-3-hexenyl acetate. Henry's law constant was also measured at temperatures and ionic strengths typical of fog. Experimental values are compared to scarcely-available literature values, as well as estimations using group and bond contribution methods, property-specific correlations and molecular dynamics simulations. From these values, the partition coefficients to the air-water interface were also calculated. The large Henry's law constant of methyl jasmonate ($8091{\pm}1121M{\cdot}atm^{-1}$) made it the most significant GLV for aqueous phase photochemistry. The HENRYWIN program's bond contribution method from the Estimation Programs Interface Suite (EPI Suite) produced the best estimate of the Henry's constant for GLVs. Estimations of 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and solubility are best when correlating an experimental value of one to find the other. Finally, the scavenging efficiency was calculated for each GLV indicating aqueous phase processing will be most important for methyl jasmonate.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 1993

${\pi}$-A isotherms of the Palmitic acid(PA) with increasing pH shifted to the low area/molecule due to the dissociation of PA at the air-water interface. More condensation of PA monolayers occurred by the addition of Mg$^{2+}$, Ca$^{2+}$ and Ba$^{2+}$ ion in subphase. This condensing effect was increased with increasing the concentration of these ions. Due to the interaction with each ion, PA were formed Mg, Ca, Ba-Palmitate complex. The binding structure between alkaline earth ion and carboxylate ligand in PA has been identified by IR spectrometry. The order of condensing effect of alkaline earth ions at pH 8 was Ca$^{2+}$ > Ba$^{2+}$+ > Mg$^{2+}$. The condensing effect except for Mg$^{2+}$ decreased with increasing atomic number. Whereas, the condensing effect in pure water system decreased with decreasing atomic number in the sequence: Ba$^{2+}$ > Ca$^{2+}$ > Mg$^{2+}$. The miscibility of binary system of PA and hexadecanol in monolayer showed that the miscibility was good for the pure water system. But, in the buffered pH 8 system, bad miscibility was found.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.463-486
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• 1995

The effect of moistening and air-drying of acid-conditioned dentin before priming on the formation of resin-dentin hybrid zone was investigated, Freshly extracted human molars were used and divided at random into 5 groups, Groups 1 - 3 consisted of specimens conditioned with 10 % phosphoric acid for 20 seconds; Group 1 served as a control in which the conditioned dentin was simply blot-dried with a damp facial tissue; Group 2 was air dried for 30 seconds ; Group 3 was air dried for 30 seconds and immediately remoistened for 10 seconds with air-water syringe. and then the specimen was blot-dried with a damp facial tissue. Groups 4-5 were not acid conditioned ; In group 4, the smear layer on the dentin was blot dried before primer placement; Group 5 was air dried only for 30 seconds, The acetone-based primer and bonding agent of All Bond 2 (Bisco. Inc., USA) and composite resin (Z-100, 3M Dental products, USA) were applied for acid conditioned dentin and non-conditioned dentin. The morphologic ultrastructure of resin-dentin hybrid zone was examined by the use of SEM and TEM. and the existence of inorganic material and analysis of Ca/P weight-percent ratio in the resin-dentin hybrid zone were revealed by the EDAX, The results were as follows : 1. In the moistened specimens from acid-conditioned groups, the resin penetrated about 3-$4{\mu}m$ into dentin and the denatured collagen smear layer was not present at the surface. The resin tag was formed to a thickeness of 3-$4{\mu}m$ at the upper part of dentinal tubule and compactively connected to each other by means of many lateral branching. 2. In the air-dried specimens from acid-conditioned groups, the resin penetrated about 2.0-$2.5\;{\mu}m$ into dentin and an upper thin black layer to a thickness of 30-35nm was identified between adhesive resin and demineralized collagen layer. The resin tag to have a diameter of $2.5{\mu}m$ was formed at the upper part of dentinal tubule. However the funnel shape of the tag was not notable compared to the moistened specimens. 3. In the remoistened specimens from acid conditioned groups, the resin penetrated about 2.0-$2.5{\mu}m$ into dentin and an upper black layer was not present. The resin tag at the upper part of dentinal tubule was formed less than $2{\mu}m$ and was weakly connected to each other by means of few lateral branching. 4. In the non-conditioned groups, the smear layer was formed to a thickness of $0.5{\mu}m$ at dentin surface. However, the resin-dentin hybrid zone was not identified by TEM. The evidence of resin penetration into intertubular and intratubular dentin did not show. 5. All the acid-conditioned groups showed that the detected calcium and phosphorus weight percent ratios at the $2{\mu}m$ upper portion from the resin-dentin interface into the resin were much higher than that at the $2{\mu}m$ lower portion from the resin-dentin interface to dentin. (P<0.01).

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2013

Recently, waste water treatment system is developed in small and middle size to get more economic advantage. Freeze concentration system has high thermodynamic efficiency and low energy consumption, can re-use purified water and cold energy obtained from ice. This study was experimentally performed to investigate pollution containment in frozen layer by cooling wall temperature, air-bubble flow methods, initial ice-lining thickness of frozen layer in NaCl aqueous solution and the representative heavy metals, Pb and Cr aqueous solution. As the result, a decrease in the cooling wall temperature bring a higher growth rate of ice front and the more solute was involved in frozen layer. The method to inject directly air-bubble into ice-liquid interface through ring shape nozzle gave high purity of ice compared to indirect method. Ice lining in 5mm thickness resulted in frozen layer with higher purity than 1mm thickness.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1043-1050
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• 2014

An air-core vortex is generated during draining after stirring a rotating cylindrical tank or after filling it with water. The formation of the air-core vortex and the time of its formation are dependent on drain conditions such as the dimensions of the tank, the initial rotation or stirring speed, and the shape of the drain port. In this study, a draining process using a two-stage drain port was numerically investigated. The length and radius of the first drain stage located in the lower part of the drain port were kept constant, whereas the radius of the second drain stage was varied for simulating the draining process. The simulation was conducted by considering an axisymmetric swirling flow for all cases. The declining water level was monitored by an interface capturing method. Further, the effects of the radius of the second drain stage on the time of formation of the air-core vortex and the internal flow structure were investigated.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.116-122
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• 1988

Interfacial shear stresses have been determined for countercurrent stratified flow of air and water in a nearly-horizontal rectangular channel, based upon measurements of pressure drop, gas velocity profiles and mean film thickness. A dimensionless correlation for the interfacial friction factor has been developed as a function of the gas and liquid Reynolds numbers. Equivalent surface roughnesses for the interfacial friction factor have been calculated using the Nikuradse correlation and have been compared with the intensity of the wave height fluctuation on the interface. The results show that the interfacial shear stress is mainly affected by turbulent mixing near the interface due to the wave motion rather than by the roughened surface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.83-86
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• 1994

On this paper, the structural changes of molecules on the water surface were monitored by the measuring system of displacement currents. The measuring system was constructed at home-made Kuhn type LB(Langmuir -Blodgett) deposition apparatus. Solutions of 4-octyl -4\\`- (5-car boxy$.$ -pentamethyleneoxy) azobenzene molecules (8A5H) and stearic acid(C$\_$18/) were spreaded at the air-water interface respectively, and the currents inducted by the dynamic behavior of molecules were measured when the molecules were the molecules were pressed by barrier. From C$\_$18/ mo1ecules two distinct peaks of displacement currents were obtained, which show that the orientations of mo1ecules were charged largely at these Points. The reversibility of displacement currents by compression and expansion was obtained from 8A5H molecules, which shows the compressed molecules which shows the compressed molecules have a tendency to disperse after the compression. But it was not obtained from C$\_$18/ molecules which means that this molecules disperse not easily by decreasing the pressure of the barrier.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.674-679
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• 1996

Using the home made Kuhn type LB (Langmuir - Blodgett) film's deposition apparatus, We measured the displacement current of monolayer film on the water surface. The obtained displacement current had each different pattern by the kind of solution while varying pressure of the monolayer. Solution of 4 - octyl - 4' - (5 - carboxyl - pentamethyleneoxy ) - azobenzene (8A5H) and stearic acid (CH$_{3}$(CH$_{2}$)$_{16}$COOH) (C18) were spreaded at the air water interface respectively, and the current induced by the dynamic behavior of molecules were pressed by barrier. Displacement current of 8A5H measured small current than C18 at same condition and it was positive direction when increasing pressure but it was negative direction when decreasing pressure. Also, Two patterns of displacement current were symmetrical form and appeared repeatedly. The C18 has unsymmetrical form of displacement current and weak current when decreasing pressure (expansion). The C18 molecules have two distinct peak values of displacement current that show that the orientations of molecules were changed largely at this points. From these results, we obtained that the 8A5H has more elasticity than the C18.8.C18.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.389-390
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• 2012

In this study, we fabricate a superhydrophobic surface made of hierarchical nanostructures that combine wax crystalline structure with moth-eye structure using vacuum cluster system and measure their hydrophobicity and durability. Since the lotus effect was found, much work has been done on studying self-cleaning surface for decades. The surface of lotus leaf consists of multi-level layers of micro scale papillose epidermal cells and epicuticular wax crystalloids [1]. This hierarchical structure has superhydrophobic property because the sufficiently rough surface allows air pockets to form easily below the liquid, the so-called Cassie state, so that the relatively small area of water/solid interface makes the energetic cost associated with corresponding water/air interfaces smaller than the energy gained [2]. Various nanostructures have been reported for fabricating the self-cleaning surface but in general, they have the problem of low durability. More than two nanostructures on a surface can be integrated together to increase hydrophobicity and durability of the surface as in the lotus leaf [3,5]. As one of the bio-inspired nanostructures, we introduce a hierarchical nanostructure fabricated with a high vacuum cluster system. A hierarchical nanostructure is a combination of moth-eye structure with an average pitch of 300 nm and height of 700 nm, and the wax crystalline structure with an average width and height of 200 nm. The moth-eye structure is fabricated with deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process. $SiO_2$ layer is initially deposited on a glass substrate using PECVD in the cluster system. Then, Au seed layer is deposited for a few second using DC sputtering process to provide stochastic mask for etching the underlying $SiO_2$ layer with ICP-RIE so that moth-eye structure can be fabricated. Additionally, n-hexatriacontane paraffin wax ($C_{36}H_{74}$) is deposited on the moth-eye structure in a thermal evaporator and self-recrystallized at $40^{\circ}C$ for 4h [4]. All of steps are conducted utilizing vacuum cluster system to minimize the contamination. The water contact angles are measured by tensiometer. The morphology of the surface is characterized using SEM and AFM and the reflectance is measured by spectrophotometer.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2003

Excessive heat generation at the implant-bone interface may cause irreversible bone damage and loss of osseointegration. The effect of heat generation in vitro at the implant surface caused by abutment reduction with high-speed dental turbine was examined. Titanium-alloy abutments connected to a titanium alloy screw-implant embedded in an acrylic-resin block in a $37^{\circ}C$ water bath were prepared. Temperature changes were recorded via embedded thermocouples at the cervix and apex of the implant surface. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare seven treatment groups. Fifty seconds of continuous cutting with air and water coolant caused a mean temperature increase of $1.24^{\circ}C$ at apex and $5.77^{\circ}C$ at cervix. Similar intermittent cutting caused increase of $2.50^{\circ}C$ at apex and $1.64^{\circ}C$ at cervix. But, continuous cutting with air coolant caused a mean temperature increase of $6.47^{\circ}C$ at apex and $5.77^{\circ}C$ at cervix. Similar intermittent cutting caused increase of $6.47^{\circ}C$ at apex and $5.77^{\circ}C$ at cervix. Preparation of implant abutment does not lead to detrimental effect on peri-implant tissues provided that adequate cooling. However, without water cooling, extreme overheating could be provoked, reaching the critical temperature that would lead to irreversible bone damage within only a few seconds.