• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2022

Air distribution occupies an important position in the smart unit load container design process for agricultural products. Inner air may be uncomfortable because of its temperature, speed, direction, and volume flow rate. It doesn't matter how efficient the ventilation equipment is if the air is not distributed well. The main aim of this study was to design the inlet and outlet fan locations of smart unit load container for agricultural products. A numerical study was performed on the effects of the location of inlet air and outlet air in relation to the container cooling sources on air distribution and thermal comfort. A concept of combining inner container cooling sources with the exhaust outlet was employed in this investigation. Also, in this research, the developed CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models were thoroughly validated. This system was adopted for use in container spaces, where the exhaust outlet was located. In this study, the location of the inlet was derived through CFD for a container with a size of 1,100×1,100×1,700 mm, and it was derived that the inlet was located at the center of the lower part of the container for efficient air flow. It was efficient to position the outlet through the air inlet in the center of the lower part of the container at the top of the same side.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2008

Metal stamping is widely used in the mass-production process of the automobile industry. During the stamping process, air may be trapped between the draw die and the panel. The high pressure of trapped air induces imperfections on the panel surface and creates a situation where an extremely high tonnage of punch is required. To prevent these problems, many air ventilation holes are drilled through the draw die and the punch. The present work has developed a simplified mathematical formulation for computing the pressure of the air pocket based on the ideal gas law and isentropic relation. The pressure of the air pocket was compared to the results by the commercial CFD code, Fluent, and experiments. The present work also used the Bisection method to calculate the optimum cross-sectional area of the air ventilation holes, which did not make the pressure of the air pocket exceed the prescribed maximum value.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2012

An industrial safety helmet primarily intended to protect the wearer's head. It is to prevent or reduce the danger due to flying or dropping objects, falling and prevent the danger due to an electric shock given to the head. However, thermal discomfort of the head is one of the main complaints in the case of wearing safety helmet. Ventilation holes are not allowed in safety helmets on domestic regulations except for industrial safety helmets which are to protect wearer's head against flying or dropping objects. This paper is to produce the need for enlargement of allowing on ventilation holes' regulation to class B. This study reviewed foreign standards' regulations on ventilation holes of safety helmets. Some standards recommend that ventilation may be improved when fresh air is able to enter the helmet around its lower edge and to exit via holes in the helmet located in the upper one third of the helmet. And in the experiments, relationships of ventilation holes and the temperature over the head are analyzed. The experimental results show that the cooling effect of ventilation holes in the upper one third of the helmet is meaningful.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.384-388
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• 2002

The adequate design of a passenger car braking system, which is directly related to the safety of a car, is very important since the safety is an essential design parameter of a car to keep men and car from the damage. The thermal behaviors of the ventilated disk has been investigated based on the air cooling effects during repeat braking operations. In this study, the thermal behavior of ventilated disk brake system was investigated by numerical method. The 3-Dimensional unsteady model was simulated by using a general purpose software package “FLUENT” to obtain the temperature distributions of disk and pad. The model includes the more realistic braking method, which repeats braking and release. The effects of aspect ratio of ventilated hole on the heat dissipation was investigated.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2013

This research was conducted to obtain the basic information for establishment of standard guidelines in the design and installation of roof ventilation system in single-span plastic greenhouse. To achieve this, the greenhouse structure & characteristics, cultivation status, and ventilation system were investigated for single-span greenhouse with roof ventilation system cultivating the Cucurbitaceae vegetables, watermelon, cucumber, and oriental melon. Most of single-span watermelon greenhouse in Haman and Buyeo area were a hoop-style and the ventilation system in those greenhouses mostly consisted of two different types of 'roof vent (circular or chimney type) + side vent (hole) + fan' and 'roof vent (circular type) + side vent (hole or roll-up type)'. The diameter of circular and chimney-type vent was mostly 60cm and the average number of vents was 10.5 per a bay with vent spacing of average 6.75m. The ratio of roof vent area to floor area and side vent area in the single-span watermelon greenhouse with ventilation fan were 0.46% and 7.6%, respectively. The single-span cucumber greenhouse in Haman and Changnyeong area were a gable roof type, such as even span, half span, three quarter and the 70.6% of total investigated single-span greenhouses was equipped with a roof ventilation fan while 58.8% had a circulation fan inside the greenhouse. The ratios of roof vent area to floor area in the single-span cucumber greenhouse ranged from 0.61 to 0.96% and in the case of the square roof vent, were higher than that of the circular type vent. On average, the roof ventilation fan in single-span cucumber greenhouse was equipped with the power input of 210W and maximum air volume of $85.0m^3/min$, and the number of fans was 9.75 per a bay. The number of roof vent of single-span oriental melon greenhouse with only roll-up type side vent ranged from 8 to 21 (average 14.8), which was higher than that of other Cucurbitaceae vegetables while the vent number of the greenhouse with a roof ventilation fan was average 7 per a bay.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2012

In this study, the temperature distributions are analyzed on the air flow according to the position of fan inside computer main frame by CFD simulation. In case that ventilation hole is existed at the side of computer frame, the air with lower temperature can be circulated near CPU radiant thermal panel. In case of installation with fan at the side panel, the temperature of air flow becomes lowest. The efficiency of thermal emission at personal computer and its durability can be improved by releasing a lot of heat at air flow effectively inside computer frame according to this simulation result.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2014

There have been controversies over whether explosion hazardous area(EHA) should be classified for facilities which use lighter-than-air gases such as city gas, hydrogen and ammonia. Two view points are confronting each other: an economic piont of view that these gases are lighter than air and disperse rapidly, hence do not form EHA upon release into the atmosphere, and a safety point of view that they are also inflammable gases, hence can form EHA although the extent is limited compared to heavy gases. But various standards such as KS, IEC, API, NFPA do not exclude light gases when classifying EHA and present examples of EHA for light gas facilities. This study calculates EHA using the hypothetical volume in the IEC code where the hole sizes required for the calculation were selected according to various nominal pipe sizes in such a way to conform to the EHA data in the API code and HSL. Then, 25 leakage scenarios were suggested for 5 different pipe sizes and 5 operating pressures that cover typical operating conditions of light gas facilities. The EHA for the minimum leakage scenario(25 mm pipe, 0.01MPa pressure) was found to correspond to a hypothetical volume larger than 0.1 $m^3$(medium-level ventilation). This confirms the validity of classifying EHA for facilities using lighter-than-air gases. Finally, a computer program called HACPL was developed for easy use by light gas facilities that classifies EHA according to operating pressures and pipe sizes.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.721-736
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 대심도에 위치한 지하역사(지하 6층) 및 터널에서 화재가 발생했을 경우 제연설비 작동에 따른 연기의 거동을 측정하였다. 열풍기를 이용하여 열부력 효과를 구현한 연기발생장치를 이용하여 화재연기를 생성하였다. 화재발생 위치는 승강장 위 및 스크린도어 외부에 위치한 터널부의 승강장 위의 2가지 위치를 선정하였다. 승강장 화재발생시 승강장에 설치된 환기구를 통하여 연기가 배출되도록 하는 제연모드가 일반적인데 본 연구에서는 승강장 양단에 위치한 터널부의 환기구를 통한 배기도 같이 동작되도록 설정하여 실험을 수행하였다. 다양한 위치에서 연기농도 및 풍향풍속을 측정하였고 화면을 취득하여 연기의 이동 및 제연을 분석하였다. 승강장 내부에서 화재가 발생하였을 경우와 선로부에서 화재가 발생하였을 경우 승강장의 송풍기의 제연모드 동작과 터널의 송풍기의 배연 동작으로 인하여 연기배출이 원활하였고 화재 발생 인근 구역으로의 연기전파가 억제되었다. 본 연구에서 제시한 승강장 및 승강장 양단부의 터널에 적용되는 송풍기를 같이 운전하는 제연모드를 통하여 승강장 화재 및 화재열차 정차시 화재 연기로부터 승객들에게 보다 안전한 대피환경을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.540-547
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• 2021

Background: Indoor air pollutants are caused by a number of factors, such as coming in from the outside or being generated by internal activities. Typical indoor air pollutants include nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from household items such as heating appliances and volatile organic compounds from building materials. In addition there is carbon dioxide from human breathing and bacteria from speaking, coughing, and sneezing. Objectives: According to recent research results, most indoor air pollution is known to be greatly affected by internal factors such as burning (biomass for cooking) and various pollutants. These pollutants can have a fatal effect on the human body due to a lack of ventilation facilities. Methods: We fabricated a polydopamine (PDA) layer with Ti substrates as a coating on supported glass fiber fabric to enhance its photo-activity. The PDA layer with TiO₂ was covalently attached to glass fiber fabric using the drop-casting method. The roughness and functional groups of the surface of the Ti substrate/PDA coated glass fiber fabric were verified through infrared imaging microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The obtained hybrid Ti substrate/PDA coated glass fiber fabric was investigated for photocatalytic activity by the removal of ammonia and an epidermal Staphylococcus aureus reduction test with lamp (250 nm, 405 nm wavelength) at 24℃. Results: Antibacterial properties were found to reduce epidermal staphylococcus aureus in the Ti substrate/PDA coated glass fiber fabric under 405 nm after three hours. In addition, the Ti substrate/PDA coated glass fiber fabric of VOC reduction rate for ammonia was 50% under 405 nm after 30 min. Conclusions: An electron-hole pair due to photoexcitation is generated in the PDA layer and transferred to the conduction band of TiO₂. This generates a superoxide radical that degrades ammonia and removes epidermal Staphylococcus aureus.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2002

자가영양배양시 광도,환기횟수 및 $CO_2$농도가 스타티스 ‘Ocean Blue’ 소식물체의 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다 MS 배지에서 광흔합영양해양을 통하여 증식된 스타티스 식물체에서 2~3장의 잎을 가진 줄기 절편체를 채취하여 배양용기당 4개씩 치상하였다. 절편체는 온도 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. 상대습도 70~ 80%인 배양실에서 cool-white 형광램프로 명기동안 70, 150, 또는 220$\mu$mol. $m^{-2}$ . $s^{-1}$의 광을 공급하면서 41일 동안 배양하였다. MS 기본배지를 사용하였으며, sucrose와 vitamin은 첨가하지 않았다. 광도가 높아질수록 생체 중,건물중 및 엽면적이 증가하였다. $CO_2$농도를 높여준 경우 초장, 생체중, 건물중 및 엽면적이 증가하였다. 뿌리길이와 엽록소 농도는 광도나 $CO_2$의 영향을 받지 않았다. 배양용기 내의 환기횟수를 높이고, 고광도의 $CO_2$를 공급할수록,그리고 PPF를 증가시킬수록 스타티스 소식물체의 자가영양배양에서의 생육이 촉진되었다.