• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.97-114
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• 2013

제6차 세계항공운송회의가 2013.3월 ICAO 주관으로 개최되었다. 10년마다 한 번씩 개최되는 세계항공운송회의는 국제항공운송에 관련된 거의 모든 문제를 다루고 있는데, 국제민간항공의 장기적인 성장을 보장하기 위하여 ICAO 정책을 갱신하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 2003년에 개최되었던 제5차 세계항공운송회의는 항공운송화의 자유화에 초점을 맞추었는데, 제6차회의는 종전 자유화의 추진 여부에서 자유화의 실행 방법에 역점을 두었다. 제6차 회의의 주요한 의제 항목은 자유화, 안전 장치, 소유권 및 통제, 공정 경쟁, 공항과 항행시설, 조세 및 부과금, 그리고 ICAO 정책이다. 자유화 특히 점진적 자유화는 지난 수 십 년 동안 주된 의제였다. 자유화로 향하는 과정에서 시장접근의 확대, 항공사의 소유 및 통제에 관한 규제의 완화가 필요하다. 더욱이, 공항 및 항행시설과 같은 인프라의 충분한 공급은 자유화의 걸림돌을 제거하는 요소로 작용할 수 있다. 그러나, 자유화가 급속하고 과격하게 진행될 때, 약자와 소비자 이익 보호의 차원에서 개도국에 의한 시장접근과 소비자 보호 및 조세 및 부과금의 투명하고도 경제적인 결정을 확보하기 위한 안전 장치가 확보되어야 한다. 공정 경쟁은 시장에서의 경쟁 촉진과 구별되는 개념인데, 약자와 소비자를 독과점으로부터 보호하기 위한 목적을 가진다. 이번 회의에 한국 대표단은 3개의 WP(작업 문서)와 1개의 IP(정보 문서)를 제출하였는데, 역대 가장 많은 숫자이다. 제6차 회의에서는 자유화를 촉진하기 위하여 패러다임(준거 기준기준) 전환이 강조되었다. 그러나 현실은 자유화의 중요성을 강조하고 회원국에게 태도의 변화를 촉구하기 위하여 이제까지 많은 권고 결의를 하였으나 자유화의 속도는 매우 느리고 부진하다는 것이다. 항공운송의 자유화는 항공운송 및 관련산업의 성장과 고용의 창출, 관광과 지역개발의 진흥 나아가 상호 이해 및 교류를 촉진시켜 장애가 없는 세계를 만드는데 기여할 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 다음 회의는 자유화의 과정을 평가하게 될 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2019

The emission trading system implemented in Korea is a system in which the government allocates or sells emission rights by setting the emission allowable amount to economic players subject to the emission trading system, allowing companies to freely trade shortfall or extra money through the emission trading market. Korea also had implemented its first emission trading system scheme period of time from 2015 to 2017. As a result of the first planning period in which total of seven Korean airlines were targeted, the emission amount was about 5.51 million KAU, while the quota amount was only about 4.85 million KAU, about 116% of the actual quota was emitted and Domestic airlines have incurred additional costs of about 10.7 billion won. Due to ICAO's implementation of CORSIA, the airlines are expected to have to shoulder additional costs because purchasing exceed quota will be increased in order to offset excess emissions not only on domestic but also on international routes. Thus, this paper had analyzed the characteristics of the carbon trading system of air transport industry and suggested a mix of regulatory policies as an improvement method.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2024

Due to globalization, the air transport industry plays a key role in the global economy. In particular, the air transport industry is highly dependent on human resources, and the capabilities of the cabin crews in managing safety and providing service in a cabin depend on the service quality and the success of the company's human resource management. Therefore, systematic support and interest in competitive key personnel are believed as very important factors. Airlines need to improve the work engagement of airline cabin crew through organizational supportive efforts. Thus this paper surveyed 309 cabin crews who worked at low cost carrier and conducted an empirical analysis based on survey results. The study validates hypotheses pertaining the relationship between organizational identification and job commitment of cabin crew according to the airline's perception of organizational support. The comprehensive analysis reveals that perceived organization support has a significantly positive impact on cabin crews' work engagement.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.500-509
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• 2005

Light-rail transit system has many characteristics of better accessibility. frequency service, low construction cost, reduced air pollution and medium-capacity public transport etc. Light rail transit system as a urban transportation system has been growing worldwide since the late 20th century. More than 300 cities around the world have light railway systems. Many medium-size cities in domestic site is planning the construction of light railway. This paper describes the development strategies for the light rail transit industry.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.97-115
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• 2013

항공기 운항의 가장 기본이 되는 규정은 ICAO Annex 6. Operations of Aircraft(항공기 운항)이다. 이 중 Part I은 상업항공운송용 항공기에 대한 것이며, 민간항공의 대부분을 차지하고 있다. ICAO에서는 항공기 운항에 관한 표준과 권고사항(SARPs: Standards and Recommended Practices)을 제정하여 체약국(Contracting States)이 어느 정도 국내규정에 반영하여 적용하고 있는지를 평가하고 있는데 이를 항공안전평가(USOAP)라고 한다. 기존의 ICAO 항공안전평가는 순간포착(Snap-shop) 방식으로 평가하였으나, 2013년부터 항공안전상시평가(USOAP-CMA) 방식으로 바뀌게 되어 시행된다. ICAO 항공안전평가 결과는 국적사의 노선, 보험료, 항공사간 제휴 등 국가항공산업 전반에 큰 영향을 미친다. 낮은 등급으로 판정 시, 국제사회에서 집중 주목이 되고 우리나라 국적사들이 운항정지, 노선제한, 항공사간 제휴 제한, 보험료 등 직/간접적으로 영향을 받을 수 있다. 따라서 우리나라 항공산업의 글로벌 경쟁력을 위해서는 ICAO 항공안전평가에서 '우수국가' 지위를 유지하여 높은 신인도를 이어나가는 것이 매우 중요하다. 우리나라는 2008년 실시된 ICAO 항공안전평가에서 종합 평점 98.89점을 획득, 세계 1위를 차지한 바 있으나, 2008년 이후 개정된 사항이 제대로 반영되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 가장 최신의 개정판을 이용하여 ICAO Annex 6 Part I의 국내 항공법규 반영정도를 파악해보고자 한다. 아울러 미반영된 부분과 부분반영된 부분에 대한 반영방안도 같이 제시하고자 한다.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2014

With the progress and prosperity of commerce and industry, time and money increasingly form an equal partnership. Using air carriers to shorten the round-trip time has become an important choice for many people in the tourism process. Faced with increasing competition within the aviation service environment, airline evaluation criteria and the requirements of customers are gradually dominating the evaluation mechanism for air transport service quality. Over the past few years, attention on the transport quality of service has been primarily focused more on land-based transport, and less on the relevant evaluation criteria of airlines. Many studies have shown that quality of service will directly affect customer satisfaction, resulting in the fact that good quality aviation services have become increasingly important. Therefore, in practical industrial operations with limited resources, there is an urgent need to delve into the assessment guidelines that have an impact on customers when they choose an airline, which can be used as a basis for improving customer satisfaction. Through a literature review and a reliability and validity analysis, this study summarized 19 evaluation criteria, using the purposive sampling method and the decision laboratory method (DEMATEL). In addition, this study viewed the causal relationship between the evaluation criteria and the degree of association as a continuing project for airlines. This study selected appropriate empirical samples from two domestic airlines. The conclusions may provide recommendations for all airlines.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제45권
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.99-143
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• 2016

General aviation and air transport are two wings of the civil aviation industry. Chinese air transport is developing rapidly, and has become the world second air transport system only second to US since 2005. However, Chinese civil aviation is far behind the world average level, and cannot meet requirements of economic construction and social development. The transition and structural adjustment of Chinese economy provide the general aviation with a unprecedented broad market. The prospect of general aviation is promising and anticipated. The development of general aviation industry needs the legislative supports, and the current legislative conditions of Chinese general aviation are undoubtedly far behind the realistic requirements. Accelerating the legislation in Chinese general aviation industry requires scientific legislation concept. First, Legislation must promote development of general aviation industry. The general aviation will serves as a Chinese emerging industry that boosts domestic demand, promotes employment and expedite domestic economic development. We should, based on both the concept of promoting the industrial development of general aviation and national industrial planning, enact and rectify relative laws and regulations. And we should also straighten out the relationship between aviation security and industrial development and promote the revolution of low-altitude airspace management in an all-round way, in order to improve the utilization rate of airspace resources, classify and establish airspace, simplify examination and approval procedure and intensify operation management. In addition, what we should do is to expedite the infrastructure layout construction, guide the differentiated but coordinated development of general aviation industries in various areas, establish a united supervision mechanism of general aviation, redistrict the responsibilities of Chinese Air Control Agency and set up legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems with clarified institutions, clear positioning and classified responsibilities, so as to usher in a new era of the legislative management of Chinese general aviation industry. Second, shift the focus from regulations to both regulations and services. Considering the particularity of the general aviation, we should use American practices for reference and take into account both regulation and service functions when enacting general aviation laws. For example, we should reduce administrative licensing and market supervision, and adopt "criteria" and "approval" management systems for non-commercial and commercial aviation. Furthermore, pay attention to social benefits. Complete social rescuing mechanism through legislation. It should be clarified in legislation that general aviation operators should take the responsibilities of, and ensure to realize social benefits of environmental protection and ecological balance .Finally, rise in line with international standards. Modify Chinese regulations which is inconsistent with international ones to remove barriers to international cooperation. Specify basic legislative principles. One is the principle of coordination. Realize coordination between the civil aviation and general aviation, between military aviation and civil aviation, and among departments. Two is the principle of pertinence. The general aviation has its own rules and specialties, needing to be standardized using specialized laws and regulations. Three is the principle of efficiency. To realize time and space values of general aviation, we should complete rules in aerospace openness, general aviation airport construction, general aviation operations, and regulation enforcement. Four is the principle of security. Balance the maximum use of resources of Chinese airspace and the according potential threats to Chinese national interests and social security, and establish a complete insurance system which functions as security defense and indemnificatory measure. Establish a unified legal system. Currently, the system of Chinese general aviation laws consists of national legislation, administrative laws and regulations and civil aviation regulations (CAR). Some problems exist in three components of the system, including too general content, unclear guarantee measures, incomplete implementation details, and lacking corresponding pertinence and flexibility required by general aviation regulations, stringency of operation management and standards, and uniformity of standards. A law and regulation system, centered on laws and consisting of administrative laws regulations, industrial regulations, implementation details, industrial policies and local laws and regulations, should be established. It is suggested to modify the Civil Aviation Law to make general aviation laws complete, enact the Regulations of General Aviation Development, and accelerate the establishment, modification and abolition of Chinese general aviation laws to intensify the coordination and uniformity of regulations.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.247-280
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• 2020

항공기 부품 교역의 무관세화 및 자유화를 위하여 WTO 민간항공기 교역 협정이 1995년 WTO 출범 시 WTO 설립협정 부속서 4 복수국 간 무역협정으로 별도 체결되었으며, 현재 미국, EU 등 33개국이 가입되어 있으나 우리나라는 가입하지 않고 있다. 민간항공기 교역 협정의 주요 내용은 적용 대상 물품, 관세 및 기타 과징금의 철폐, 무역에 대한 기술장벽에 관한 협정의 적용, 정부에 의한 민간항공기 조달지시의 금지, 수입 또는 수출 수량 제한이나 허가조건의 적용 배제, 보조금 및 상계조치에 관한 협정의 적용, 민간항공기 교역위원회, 본 협정 관련 문제의 협의 및 분쟁해결 등에 관하여 규정하고 있다. 현행 관세법은 2018년 12월 31일 제89조 제6항이 신설되어 항공기 부품 수입 시 관세감면율이 2019년 5월부터 단계적으로 축소되어 2026년에 관세감면제도가 폐지될 예정이다. 이에 따라서, 민간항공기 교역 협정이 항공산업에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 첫째 항공운송산업에 미치는 영향으로서, 항공기 부품 관세감면제도가 폐지되는 2026년부터 국내 항공운송업계의 관세 부담액은 연간 약 1,600억 원에 이를 것으로 전망되는데, 민간항공기 교역 협정에 가입 시 국내 항공운송업계는 항공기 부품을 무관세로 수입할 수 있게 됨으로 3-8%의 수입관세를 부담하지 않아도 될 것이다. 둘째 항공정비(MRO)산업에 미치는 영향으로서, 항공기 부품 관세감면제도가 단계적으로 축소 내지 폐지될 경우 국내 엔진정비와 부품정비 분야에서 해외 외주비가 2018년 기준 12,903억 원에서 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상되는데, 민간항공기 교역 협정에 가입 시 항공정비업계가 항공기 부품을 무관세로 수입할 수 있게 되어 해외 외주비를 절감할 수 있을 것이다. 항공산업의 경쟁력을 확보하기 위한 항공기 부품 교역 자유화 정책 방향을 제시하면, 첫째 FTA를 활용한 관세감면으로서, 항공기 부품 수입 시 FTA를 활용하여 관세감면 혜택을 받기 위하여는 원산지 증명 발급을 거부하고 있는 미국, EU 등의 해외 거래업체로부터 이를 확보하여야 하며, 또한 항공기 부품의 해외 임가공 수입에 대한 관세 감면 규정이 미비한 한-싱가포르 및 한-EU FTA 협정문의 규정을 개정 보완할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다. 둘째 민간항공기 교역 협정의 가입 추진으로서, 전술한 FTA를 활용한 관세감면 방식은 모든 항공기 부품의 원산지 증명 발급이 곤란하며, 또한 해외임가공 물품의 수입 관세 감면 규정이 미비한 한-싱가포르 및 한-EU FTA규정의 개정보완 작업에 진전이 없다는 한계가 있으므로, 항공기 부품 교역의 무관세화를 위하여는 민간항공기 교역 협정의 가입을 추진하는 것이 타당하다고 할 것이다. 셋째 관세법 상 항공기 부품 관세감면제도의 개선으로서, 항공기 부품 교역의 자유화를 위한 민간항공기 교역 협정 가입 시까지는 상당기간의 소요가 예상되므로 관세법 제89조 제6항에 의한 항공기 부품의 관세감면제도가 계속되도록 별도 개선조치가 필요하다고 할 것이다. 결론적으로 우리나라가 WTO 민간항공기 교역 협정에 가입하여 항공기 부품교역에 대한 무관세화와 자유화를 달성함으로써 우리 항공산업이 외국 항공산업과 공정하게 경쟁할 수 있는 환경을 조성하고 경쟁력을 확보할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.313-318
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• 2018

The growth rate of international aviation is expected to be higher than that of most industries and the proportion of carbon emissions from the aviation industry will become very significant as the year 2050 approaches. Constraining the growth of this industry is not desirable because it is essential for human welfare as well as the development of related industries. However, reduction of carbon due to aviation is not easy because it is difficult to improve fuel efficiency in a significant way. The ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), which is the main organization responsible for handling this problem, developed a program named CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation). The present study analyzes various strategies for countries and airlines to comply with CORSIA using a fuel-efficient system. We conclude that countries should improve their airspace utilization systems, airport facilities, and air navigation systems. Additionally, based on the results of a flight data analysis, airlines should improve their operational efficiency in terms of operations control, flight operation, and maintenance management.