• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.97-119
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• 1991

본 연구는 농촌지역의 보건의료수준이 의료자원의 양적, 질적 격차와 의료이용과 의료접근도 및 건강수준의 면 등에서 도시지역보다 낙후되어 있다는 사실을 각종 통계지표를 이용하여 논증하였다. 다음으로 이러한 격차를 빚은 농촌보건사업의 문제점을 파악하여 이에 대한 대처방안을 농촌보건사업의 조직, 인력, 시설 및 장비, 재원 및 그리고 관리라는 5가지 부문으로 나누어서 모색해 보았는데 구체적으로는 첫째, 농촌보건 인력의 자질향상과 적정배치방안의 수립, 둘째, 농촌보건인력의 생산성 증대, 셋째, 보건소 및 지소의 운영개선, 넷째, 취약지 민간병원의 운영 개선, 다섯째, 사회, 경제여건의 변화에 따른 새로운 보건사업의 개발, 여섯째, 통합적인 보건의료인력관리 전담기관의 설립 등의 정책대안을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the information of the aged olds for which basic data are almost no available. The subjects were divided on the base of age 75. The elderly under 75 were named 'the young olds' and over 75 were 'the aged olds'. The aim of this research is to promote health and to improve nutrition, and the survey was made for health promotion behaviors, habits against health risk, dietary management status and diet intake. And it was conducted by 24 hr-recall method and analyzed by nutrients intake. 242 subjects were collected in 12 cities or counties in Gyeonggi Province and 20 elderly people (10 male and 10 female) were selected out of 1 village in each district. Questionnaire about health behavior and dietary management was carried out by interview method through regional home extension workers. Statistical analyses were made by SAS (version 8.1) and Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were used. Out of the subjects the aged olds over 75 was 31.9%, elementary school educated (93.5%), with spouse (40.3%), with adult children(28.6%), monthly living cost of 500-1,000 thousand won(40.3%). Mean age was 78.82 years compared with 69.75 years of the young olds. 46.8% of the aged olds used monthly pocket money over 1000 won and it was lower than 63.3% of the young olds. Only half of the aged olds had regular exercise of walking (77.8%) or with athletic equipment (17.8%). However, the young olds did more frequent walking (82.1 %) and less exercise with athletic equipment (4.8 %), which was significantly different. Kinds of disease were different with the young or the aged olds, as more proportion of cardiovascular disease(37.9%) for the young olds and joint lumbago neuralgia(41.6%) for the aged olds. Dietary management was good (3 meals per day: 93.4%, fixed mealtime: 72.4%, and regular amount: 79.9%). But there was significant difference in side dish varieties and kinds of snacks; for the aged olds only 8% had over 5 sorts (compared with 18.8% of the young olds) and the kinds of snacks were cookie, candy, juice, carbonated beverage for the aged olds (compared with noodle, milk, soybean-milk for young olds). The ratio of nutrients intake (energy, riboflavin and niacin) with RDA was significantly higher for the aged olds than that of the young olds. The surveyed subjects had no difficulties in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), but some of the aged olds had difficulties in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) like housekeeping, using transportation, going shopping and making phone calls. These results suggest that low quality of life is linked with low economic status of the rural elderly and congregate meal at village hall would be required because of the lack of side dishes variety for the aged olds. And nutrition education program about good snacks and exercise practice would be needed for the aged olds. By operating nutrition education program the aged olds would enjoy better quality life maintaining or ameliorating IADL abilities.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2014

Objectives: By conducting a meta-analysis of cohort studies reporting standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for workers exposed to trichloroethylene, we attempted to adjust for healthy hired effect by applying the same methods as described in a recent report from the Agricultural Health Study. Methods: Among all cohort studies that evaluated the association between all cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), kidney cancer, liver cancer and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, a total of 10 studies reporting SMR values were selected. A random-effects model was used to estimate the summary SMRs or rSMRs and 95% confidence intervals. Relative SMR ($rSMR=SMR_x/SMR_{not\;x}$) was calculated comparing observed and expected counts for all cancer, NHL, kidney cancer, and liver cancer with an independent referent set of values consisting of the observed and expected counts for other causes. Results: The SMR values for all causes ranged from 0.68 to 1.03, suggesting moderate to weak healthy worker effect for the selected studies. When the healthy worker hire effect was taken into account, the summarized risk became statistically significant; the summary SMR of all cancer was 0.95 (0.91-1.00) and the summary rSMR of all cancer was 1.10 (1.04-1.15). The summary SMR of NHL was 1.04 (0.93-1.14) and the summary rSMR of NHL was 1.23 (1.04-1.46). The summary SMR of kidney cancer was 1.08 (0.88-1.33) and the summary rSMR of kidney cancer was 1.23 (1.02-1.49). The summary SMR of liver cancer was 0.88 (0.78-0.99), and the summary rSMR of liver cancer was 0.95 (0.84-1.07). Conclusion: The rSMR method is useful to determine summary risk adjusted for healthy worker effect through meta-analysis.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.695-703
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• 2011

Objective: This study was to investigate the effects of coordinated upper-limb body postures on the subjective discomfort rating, heart rate, and muscle activities. Background: Although generally many checklists such as OWAS, RULA, and REBA were applied to evaluate various body postures, the body postures were might be overestimated or underestimated because each body part(i.e., back, shoulder, and elbow etc.) was evaluated separately, and then added all rates of individual body parts to assess an overall risk level for the body posture in these methodologies. Methods: A total of 20 participants maintained 14 postures which were combinations of back, shoulder, and elbow flexion angles and then muscle activities, subjective discomfort, and heart rates were collected every three minute during a sustained 15 minute and 0.5kg weight holding task. Four muscle groups were investigated: erector spine, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, triceps brachii. Results: Results showed that subjective discomfort was the lowest when the angle of back and shoulder were both $0^{\circ}s$, while the body posture with $45^{\circ}$ of back angle and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder angle was rated as the most subjective discomfort posture. In general, the subjective discomfort ratings increased as back and shoulder flexion angles increased. It was noted that, however, the subjective discomfort of body posture with a $45^{\circ}$ back angle and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion angle was lower than that of body posture with a $0^{\circ}$ back and $45^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion angle. The research findings of heart rates and muscle activities showed similar results for the analyses of subjective discomfort ratings. Conclusions: The possible limitations of the current ergonomics evaluation techniques which assessing a body posture with summing all body part score after individually analyzed in this study. Based on the analyses of subjective discomfort, heart rate, and muscle activities, it was recommended that a use of effects of coordinated upper-limb body postures would be considered when one evaluates work-load for various working postures. Application: These findings can be used for developing a more accurate assessment checklist for working posture as well as preventing musculoskeletal disorders of workers in workplaces.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

본 연구는 최근 급속히 산업화가 진행되고 있는 일개 농촌지역주민의 보건생활환경에 대한 관심도, 요구도, 참여의지 등을 조사하여, 근로자와 지역주민의 건강보호를 위한 대책 마련에 있어 기초자료를 제공하고자 시도되었다. 지역사회주민 200명을 대상으로 지역 환경에 관한 인식도에 관한 설문조사를 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 응답자의 평균 거주기간은 21.87년이었으며, 가족 중 공장 근로자가 있는 경우가 19.4%, 집 근처에 공장이 위치한 경우가 85가구로 절반 이상이었다. 2. 일부 응답자(30.1%)들은 집근처에 공장이 들어서는 것에 대해 좋지 않다는 인식을 가지고 있었고, 일부(14.4%)는 반상회에서 공장 공해에 대하여 의논한 적이 있었다. 3. 응답자들은 수질오염이 가장 심각하다고 느끼고 있었으며, 다음으로 대기오염, 먼지, 악취, 소음의 순이었다. 주민건강문제보다는 근로자의 건강악화문제가 더 심각하여 근로자 보건관리 대책이 더 시급하다고 인지하고 있었으며 공장으로 인한 환경보건문제에 대한 책임은 사업주에게 있다는 응답이 가장 많았다. 4. 응답자의 절반 정도가 근로자 보건관리사업의 주체는 공공보건기관이 되어야 한다고 하였으며, 지역주민이 이 사업에 참여해야 할 필요성이 있다고 생각하고 있었다. 5. 근로자들에게 제공되어야 할 사업장 보건사업 중 가장 중요하다고 생각하는 것은 근로 환경의 개선이었으며, 건강진단, 근로자 건강교육, 응급환자 후송체계 마련의 순이었다. 이상의 지역사회 보건생활환경에 관한 인식 및 요구도 조사 분석결과가 공공보건기관 연계망을 이용한 지역사회 환경 및 산업보건관리체계 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용되기를 바라는 바이다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

In the working population, muscle fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort are common, which, in the case of insufficient recovery may lead to musculoskeletal pain. Workers suffering from musculoskeletal pains need to be rehabilitated for recovery. Isokinetic testing has been used in physical strengthening, rehabilitation and post-operative orthopedic surgery. Frequency analysis of electromyography (EMG) signals using the mean frequency (MNF) has been widely used to characterize muscle fatigue. During isokinetic contractions, EMG signals present strong nonstationarities. Hilbert-Haung transform (HHT) and autoregressive (AR) model have been known more suitable than Fourier or wavelet transform for nonstationary signals. Moreover, several analyses have been performed within each active phase during isokinetic contractions. Thus, the aims of this study were i) to determine which one was better suitable for the analysis of MNF between HHT and AR model during repetitive maximum isokinetic extensions and ii) to investigate whether the analysis could be repeated for sequential fixed epoch lengths. Seven healthy volunteers (five males and two females) performed isokinetic knee extensions at $60^{\circ}/s$ and $240^{\circ}/s$ until 50% of the maximum peak torque was reached. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the rectus femoris of the right thigh. An algorithm detecting the onset and offset of EMG signals was applied to extract each active phase of the muscle. Following the results, slopes from the least-square error linear regression of MNF values showed that muscle fatigue of all subjects occurred. The AR model is better suited than HHT for estimating MNF from nonstationary EMG signals during isokinetic knee extensions. Moreover, the linear regression can be extracted from MNF values calculated by sequential fixed epoch lengths (p> 0.0I).

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2022

식물공장은 통제된 공간에서 인공적인 환경을 조성과 자동화 설비를 통해 식물을 계획적으로 생산하는 시설이다. 하지만 식물공장은 내부 환경 제어 기술에 비해 재배 과정의 자동화 도입이 미비한 상황이다. 이는 다수의 근로자 투입으로 인한 운영비용 상승의 문제를 초래한다. 따라서 본 연구는 식물공장의 재배 과정에 자동화 도입 전후를 비교하여 경제성을 평가하고자 하였다. 첫째, 자동화 도입이 필요한 작업을 선정하기 위해 식물공장의 작업 과정을 파악하였다. 파악된 작업 과정은 재배 식물의 생육 과정을 중심으로 나열하고 자동화를 도입할 작업을 선정하였다. 둘째, 선정된 작업에 방안별 투입과 산출을 비교할 경제성 평가 방법을 설정하였다. 셋째, 방안별 소요비용의 계산에 필요한 변수를 설정하였다. 넷째, 방안별 소요비용의 산정을 위한 계산 식을 도출하였다. 마지막으로 작업별 손익분기점을 분석하고 전체 작업에 대한 손익분기점을 통해 운영 기간에 따른 자동화 도입의 적절성을 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 식물 재배를 위한 6가지 작업에 자동화를 도입할 경우 손익분기점은 3.4년으로 분석되었다. 이는 대상 식물공장을 3.4년 이상 운영할 경우 자동화 도입은 경제성 측면에서 우수하다고 판단할 수 있다. 본 연구는 식물공장에 자동화 도입에 따른 손익분기점을 분석함으로써 국내외 다양한 식물공장의 자동화 도입에 따른 경제성 분석을 위한 기초 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 수행될 연구는 자동화 도입에 적절한 식물공장의 기준을 선정하고 효율적인 자동화 도입 방안을 수립하는 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2023

2022년 11월부터 2023년 2월까지 동국대학교 경주병원 이비인후과 외래를 내원한 환자 중에서 소음성 난청을 가진 어선원의 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하여 소음성 난청을 가진 총 10명의 19개 귀의 청각학적 특성을 분석하였다. 모두 60세 이상의 남자였고 소음에 노출된 기간은 평균적으로 38.9 ± 10.8년으로 장기간 소음에 노출되었으나 난청기간은 평균적으로 13.4 ± 4.3년으로 소음노출에 비해서 늦게 난청을 인지하였다. 고음역 평균역치가 저음역 평균역치보다 높지만, 8 kHz에서 하강하는 청력도를 보였고 고음역 평균 청력역치가 75 dB 초과인 경우는 10.5%이나 저음역 평균 청력역치가 40 dB 초과인 경우가 57.9%를 차지하였다. 순음청력검사상 평균 청력역치는 52.2 ± 7.1 dB, 어음청취역치는 34.0 ± 11.1 dB, 어음명료도검사는 81.5 ± 11.4%, 청성뇌간반응검사의 청력역치는 56.8 ± 6.7 dB, 청성지속반응검사의 청력역치는 63.7 ± 7.6 dB였다. 향후 다기관 연구에서는 어선의 소음의 크기 및 근로시간 등 근로환경에 대한 조사를 같이 시행하여 소음노출을 확인 후 어선원 소음성 난청 청각학적 특성을 분석해야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2015

부추의 위해요소관리를 위한 GAP 모델 개발에 필요한 기초 자료로 활용하기 위해 부추 생산과정을 재배전 단계, 재배단계 및 수확 포장단계로 나누어 재배환경 (토양, 용수), 부추, 개인위생 시료에 대해 위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물, 곰팡이의 오염도를 조사하였다. 위생지표 세균 중 일반세균은 토양 6.4~6.7 log CFU/g, 부추 4.6~5.1 log CFU/g, 개인위생 중 손과 장갑에서 각각 최대 3.3 및 5.4 log CFU/hand or $cm^2$으로 검출되었고, 그 외의 시료에서는 2.7 log CFU/g (or mL, hand, $100cm^2$) 이하로 검출되었다. 대장균군은 토양 3.9~4.2 log CFU/g, 부추 4.8~5.0 log CFU/g으로 부추에서 더 높은 수준으로 검출되었고, 대장균은 모든 시료에서 불검출 되었다. 병원성 미생물의 경우 B. cereus만 용수를 제외한 시료에서 0.5~4.6 log CFU/g (or hand, $100cm^2$) 수준으로 검출되었다. 곰팡이의 경우도 용수와 일부 작업도구를 제외한 시료에서 2.1~3.8 log CFU/g (or hand, $100cm^2$) 수준으로 검출되었다. 전반적으로 토양과 닿아 있는 부추에서의 미생물 오염도가 높게 확인되었으며, 이는 비교적 미생물의 오염도가 높은 토양으로부터 교차오염이 발생하였기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 부추의 생물학적 위해요소에 대한 안전성 확보를 위해서는 토양 관리가 중요할 것으로 생각 된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2015

Purpose - This study was conducted to develop a beekeeping farm management standard checklist. This is essential to increase the competitive power of beekeeping farmers. Checklists in relation to crops and livestock were established by the Rural Development Administration in the 2000s. To date, 60 checklists have been created by crop and livestock experts. However, other farmers outside the 60 checklists are increasing. Therefore, extra development is required for these farmers. This study was conducted to meet farmers' requirements. The special farming dealt with in this study is beekeeping. Such checklists were not developed due to the small number of beekeeping farmers. However, these days, a number of such farmers are emerging. Research design, data, and methodology - Many related experts participated in this study. This study was conducted in four stages. First, a basic outline of beekeeping was created by surveying many kinds of beekeeping experts. The draft of the beekeeping checklist was created by a secondary advisory council. This draft was then sent to 14 beekeeping experts to confirm whether or not it was suitable as a management checklist. For collecting the experts' opinions, a direct visit survey was done through an arranged questionnaire. Additionally, a basic management checklist blueprint was reviewed by many experts. In the third stage, a Delphi survey method was utilized with a special Delphi questionnaire. In this stage, experts who participated in the first and second stages were excluded. As there were uncertain answers among them, a second Delphi survey was done. As a result of this survey, all answers were agreed among them. Results - From the results of this survey, four subjects in the management accomplishment index were determined. These are farming scale, average product per beehive, the sale price of honey (1kg), and the number of bee plates in the beehive. In the case of the management checklist content, five items were determined. These are beekeeping farming facilities, the environment around the farm land and general management, the product management of the beekeeping harvest, the management of the disease and pest, and farming management. This checklist will be utilized for beekeeping farmers to implement in a management situation. Conclusions - These days, the number of beekeeping farmers is increasing. The management checklist for beekeeping farmers will be used to improve their farming situation and marketing. Beekeeping farmers can understand their management by reviewing their checklist. After checking, the situation of management can be analyzed. Farmers can supplement weaknesses with expert advice. This checklist will be used by agricultural technique extension workers for farming management consulting. This checklist has to be complemented by a change in the management of the environment. This checklist will be delivered to beekeeping farmers after a verification survey is done. The result of the checklist score will be utilized for a benchmarking service to be implemented for beekeeping farmers to utilize.