• 농업과학연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.301-322
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• 1996

This study is first aimed at identifying the possibility of labour saving and production cost decreasing in rice production with respect to seed broad casting technology. Comparison of labour inputs and production costs of rice in-between USA and Korea and recommendation of policy guidelines for the continous rice cultivation are the second objective of this study. Under the WTO system, rice enterprice is the most vulnerable crop in the sense of labour productivity and price competitiveness in the international market. How to adapt labour saving technology and how to decrease production costs are the most imminent problems to be solved in rice production. To achieve the objectives, survey on nine rice enterprice farms were made in Daeho tidal farmland with respect to the size of farm, labour inputs, productivity, farm mechanization and farm land base development. The existing data on labour saving technology by seed broadcasting which had surveyed by Rural Development Administration were collected to compare the surveyed data from Daeho tidal farm land The study results and policy recommendation are summarized as follows; 1. Labour requirements per 10a for rice enterprise farms with seed broadcasting and with transplanting were estimated 11.4 and 18.5hours respectively. 'This above labour inputs were equivalent to 1/3-1/5 of the national average labour inputs of 53.6 hours which were included transplanting and harvesting by machinery. Considering the labour requirement of 1.7 hours per 10a for the USA rice production, Korea rice culture has possibility to decrease labour demand upto USA level of labour inputs. 2. Production cost of rice in Korea were estimated US$4,181 per ha which were higher than that of USA by 3.00 times and production costs per ton were shown as US$313 for USA rice and US$1,018 for Korean rice. 3. Land productivity of rice per 10a in America was reached to 4,325kg and the counterpart of Korea was about 4,181kg in recent year. In the sense of land productivity, both yields of rice were comparable. 4. The price of japonica type rice similar to Korean traditional rice in international market in 1994 was f.o.b US$466 per ton which was equivalent to import parity price of US$830 per ton in domestic market. The price of rice purchased by Korean G't and received by farmers were amounted to US$ 2,013 and US$ 1,663 respectively in the same year. Domestic prices mentioned above were higher than the import parity price as US$830 by 2.0-2.4 times. 5. American rice production competitive to Korean rice was equivalent to 17,012 thousand tons, 1.28% of the world production of rice in 1991 and consumption of rice in America was amounted to 2,633 thousand tons. Exportable quantity of USA rice were estimated as 4,379 thousand tons of which 52.3%, 2,300 thousand tons, were exported indeed in the same year. 6. The quantity of Korean rice produced in 1991 was estimated 1.00% of the world production. The world amount of rice exported in 1991 was reached to 2.45% of the world production of which 34.2% was occupied by USA The remaining quantities of world exported rice were dominated by Tiland, Pakistan and Vietnam where produced indica variety. 7. Under the given technology, labour inputs per 10a for rice production could be possible to save by 70% of the national average labour requirement of 53.6 hours through implmenting complete farm mechanization with land consolidation and on-farm development and improvement of fanning practices like seedbroad casting txchnology etc. On the other hand, prduction costs of rice could be decreased by 10% rather than 49% as target indicated in the Rural Development Counter Measures of Korean Government in 1994 owing to increasing farm mechanization cost and interest on land service with high price. Accordingly production cost of rice per kg could be decreased only by 10% of the 1994 production cost. 8. Rice policy of Korean government in the future should take into account the labour saving technology to solve labour shortage in rural area and to enhance off-farm incomes by creating job opportunities in agro-industrial zones and special production area. On account of the staple food and main energy source for people's health, rice production even encountered vulnerable economic settings should be continued without price distortion policies and discouraging farmer's intention to cultivate rice by importing institutionally the direct income subsidy system.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1982

The paddy fiels slope located in Kangweon province Hwyongsung gun Gonggeun myon Shinchonri was considerably steep and so it was impossible to economically consolidate the field up to date. But for the porpose of farm mechanization, the field (32. 27ha) was consolidated by the auther under the assitance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery and,;the Administration of Kangweon province. This paddy field consolidation was caused by the treatise on "Land-consolidation methods for farm mechanization in the steep-sloped paddy field", of which the auther is the same. The constrution was carried out from September, 1981 to April, 1982. During the 4esign and construction, some Peculiarities were found and discussed. That is, in design, besides the common condititions for a design, some special conditions were considered and written below; (1) The ranges of field slope in this design were 1/100-1/30. (2) Long sides of the land readjustment blocks must be arranged abreast contour line, and so they make the amount of cutting and banking decreased so as to take the maximum advantage of the configuration of the field. (3) In design, the main principles of dividing blocks were written below; i) First of all, long side of a block should be drawn straight abreast a contour line. ii) Long side of a block should arrange abreast contour line and make its length 100-150m, if not, l)reak the side in order to make a bended rectangle. iii) Length of a short side should be determinded within differences of elevation (0.6 -1. 2m) between the two adjacent blocks toward the normal to a contour line. iv) Length of a short side should be above 15m and the ratio of long and short side should be slso kept 1: (4-6). v) A new field surface leveling was determinded from the elevation which produce the least amount of cuttingand banking within the range of 0.6-1. 2m diffe rences of elevation between the two adjacent blocks. vi) In the course of dividing blocks with the same width along the line which was normal to a contour line, all blocks connot keep their shape in a retangle because of steep slope of the field and so on, and so it was also necessory to make some non-retanglar and small blocks such as a trianglar or trapezoidal shape, which was impossible to use some of farm machinery. But because this non-rectanglar and small blocks were divided, larger and many rectanglar blocks can be divided and construction cost can also be lowered. According to the conditions discussed above, the paddy field consolidation project designed and constructed. And the results of this study were obtained as below; (1) Three-forth of total cost of this paddy field consolidation was not construction cost, and these cost consist of land grading (1/4), road and canal construction cost (1/4) and the other cost (1/4) such as surveying or materials and 56 on. (2) The steeper the land slope, the greater cost was assigned for road and canal construction, and than land grading. (3) Curtailment of the road and canal construction cost depended on simplificating their strutures. (4) In the case of the land slopes were low, the land grading cost was high by 1: 1.4 in comparison with the road and canal construction cost, and conversely when the slops were steep, the road and canal construction cost was high by 1 : 5 in compa- rison with the land grading cost. (5) The densities of irrigation canal, drainage canal and trunk and branch road were 150. Sm/ha, 60. im/ha and 17. 4m/ha respectively. The density of irrigation canal of the area was high by 2 times in comparison with the average one of Kangweon Province, and the others were nearly the same. (6) Most farmers (above 85%) knew the effects of paddy field consolidation. The effects are; 1) Improvement of irrigation 2) Improvement of farm management 3) Improvement of transportarion 4) farm mechanization and 5) grouping of the scattered land. And the more farm modernization was accomplished by these projects, the more farmers wanted to live in their land. (7) In spite of the very steep sloped paddy field, the diminution rate of the net farm land caused by consolidation was 7.7% which was nearly the same as the one of Chulweon plain of Kangweon province. Land grading cost was 971, OOOwon/ha which was rather cheap by 13.2% than the one of Ghulweon plain, and unit construction cost was 5, 341, OOOwon/ha (included soil addition) which was also nearly the same as the one of Chulweon plain and FNFIA (The federation of national farmland improvement association).

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.91-108
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• 1998

본 연구의 목적은 양돈사육 농가의 기계장치 보유현황, 시설의 구성, 분뇨처리 방법 등에 관한 실태를 분석하여 문제점을 개선하고 양돈농가에서 양돈 경영을 하기 위해서는 최소한으로 갖추어야 할 시설 및 기계장치 등을 대상으로 양돈의 사육규모별 작업공정별 기계 및 장치의 최소투입 모델을 개발하는데 있다. 성장단계별로 농가의 사육두수 분포를 분석한 결과 조사대상 농가의 총 사육두수를 100으로 하였을 때 종웅돈 0.5%, 임신돈 7.9%, 분만돈 2.1%, 이유자돈 29.4%. 육성돈 29.4%, 비육돈이 30 7%로 나타났다. 기계화모델 개발을 위해서는 농가의 조사결과와 연구문헌을 종합하여 종웅돈 0.4%, 임신돈 6.9%, 분만돈 2.4%, 이유자돈 23.6%, 육성돈 27.6%, 비육돈이 39 1%로 결정하였다. 분만돈사와 이유자돈사는 여름철 냉방 및 겨울철 난방 등 돈사내부의 환경관리가 매우 중요시되고 있기 때문에 일부 양돈장에서 무창돈사로 시설하고 있었으나 보급율이 22.2~44.4%로 낮게 나타나 금후의 보급이 활발할 것으로 판단된다 기계화 모델로는 환경관리가 생산성에 많은 영향을 미치는 분만돈사와 이유자돈사를 무창돈사로 설정하였고, 임신돈사, 육성돈사, 비육돈사는 기존의 개방형 돈사로 시설하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다 돈사의 시설면적이 적정면적보다 작거나 큰 경향을 보이고 있기 때문에 밀식 사육으로 인한 질병의 발생과 과다한 면적으로 시공하여 돈사의 건축비가 과다 투자되는 등의 문제점이 발생하고 있다 따라서 본 연구에서 설정한 기계화 모델에서는 적정 시설면적을 성장단계별로 종웅돈, 임신돈, 분만돈, 이유자돈, 육성돈. 비육돈의 경우 각각 8.64, 1.36, 3.96, 0.40. 0.60. 0.80m$^2$/head 로 설정했다. 겨울철의 난방을 위해 온풍기 및 온수보일러, 보온등, 보온상자 등을 이용하고 있었으나 돈사의 시설형태가 개방형돈사이기 때문에 난방비가 많이 소요되는 것으로 나타나 난방 에너지 절감을 위한 연구가 필요하며, 축분의 효율적인 처리를 위해 양돈농가에서 발생된 축분은 발효하여 경지에 환원하는 것을 기계화모델로 설정하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.105-109
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• 1994

시호(柴胡) 재배(栽培)에 있어서 기계(機械)를 이용(利用)하여 파종(播種) 및 수확(收穫)의 성력화(省力化)로 노동력(勞動力)과 생산비(生産費)를 절멸(節滅)하기 위해 본 시험(試驗)을 수행(遂行)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 시호(柴胡) 기멸파종(機滅播種)의 경운기(耕耘機) 부착(附着) 줄뿌림기 파종(播種)이 97%의 성력효과(省力效果)가 었었저만 출아율(出芽率)은 인력(人力) 줄뿌림기 파종(播種)이 가장 양호(良好)하였다. 2. 시호(柴胡) 기계파종(機械播種)시 경운기부착(耕耘機附着) 줄뿌림기 파종(播種)의 파종양(播種量) 시험(試驗)에서는 지하부(地下部) 생육(生育) 및 수양(收量)은 파종양(播種量)이 적을수록 1주당 근경(根莖), 건근중(乾根重)은 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었으나 10a당 수양(收量)은 파종양(播種量)이 많을수록 입모솔(立毛率)이 증가(增加)하여 파종양(播種量) 1.0kg/10a의 휴립 파종에서 54.1kg /10a로 가장 많았고, 파종기별(播種機別)로는 입모수(立毛數)가 가장 많은 인력(人力) 줄뿌림기 이용(利用) 파종(播種)이 84.1kg /10a로 가장 많았다. 3. 시호(柴胡) 기계이용(機械利用) 수확(收穫)은 관행(慣行)에 비해 다목적(多目的) 근수확기(根收穫機) 이용(利用) 수확(收穫)이 69%의 성력효과(省力效果)로 가장 좋았으며 수확작업비(收穫作業費) 절감(節減)에 의한 소득효과(所得效果)도 관행(慣行)에 비해 50% 증가(增加)되어 가장 좋았다. 4. 시호(柴胡)의 인력(人力) 줄뿌림기 파종(播種)과 다목적(多目的) 근수확기수확(根收穫機收穫)의 성력효과(省力效果)는 관행파종(慣行播種)과 수확(收穫)에 비해 74%의 노력시간(勞力時間)을 절감(節減)하여 69%의 작업비(作業費)를 절감(節減)하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.3772-3777
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• 1975

This paper reports on the analysis of the distributions of probable days being good for mechanical rice harvesting and the method of determining the capacity of rice harvesting machinery for the given harvesting duration. In the analysis of the probability distribution of days being good for rice harvesting, the daily rainfalls above which mechanical field work may be impracticable were specified and their frequency of occurances was analyzed by using the weather records during past twenty-one years measured at five different locations. The conclusions being drawn from the analysis are as follows: 1. The distributions of probable workable days in different region and harvesting duration are very distinct and are different to set a uniform trend (refer to Fig. 1-4). 2. The occurance of probable days being good for mechanical field work under 66% confidence level are quite variable by region and by ten-day period. The analysis indicates that the probable workable days may range from 7.5 to 8.5 days of 10-day span within optimum harvesting duration (refer to Table 1). 3. Based on the probability distributions analyzed, the optimun capacities of harvesting machinery required for different harvesting areas and harvesting start-date were estimated as a function of operating duration (refer to Fig. 5 and Table 2)

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2003

One of the major obstructing factors against managing dairy farm in Korea has been a shortage of roughage supply. The shortage of roughage caused excessive use of concentrate feed increase of production cost and deterioration of cattle quality. In order to solve this problem for the dairy farm, use of fallow paddy field in the winter was feasible to produce barley and rye forage during the winter season after harvesting of in. And many desirable effects of raising cattle productivity, saving dollars for importing feeds and providing huge ground for manure spreading are expected by enlarged local roughage production. Through analysing the forage producing process, a mechanized operation model was developed for dairy farms in Korea. Its model consists of seeding models(till, no-till model) and harvesting models(wrap silage, traditional silage, hay model). Currently, the government policies are being executed to urge producing winter cereal wrap silage in the fallow paddy field with various supporting programs. Ant with enlarged local forage production, it is possible to make a new huge market fur forage producing machine.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2014

This study was examined the physical characteristics (geometry, yield strength, thousand-seeds weight, true density, and moisture content) required for mechanization-related technologies such as (harvesting, washing, transport, and drying). Large differences in the size and shape of boxthorn berries(Jangmyeong, Bullo, Chungmyeong, and Hokwang) are used to analyze these physical properties. The average diameter, volume, surface area, and sphericity rate are calculated using long and short diameters of the boxthorn berry according to its variety. Hokwang has the largest measured surface area, and Bullo, the smallest. Average yield strength is 1.78 kPa and the mechanical pressure of soft boxthorn berries is not more than 1 kPa. Bullo has the highest true density. The optimum drying time for the measurement of moisture content is 4 hours at the drying temperature of $100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2000

A tractor attached TMR(model 430) mixer has been developed in a previous study. However, the mixer was found to be improved through field applications in its capacity, manufacturing cost, ergonomic design and power-train requirement. The TMR mixer was modified into a model TMR500, approved by Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, as follows : 1. Roughage cutting system was seperated from the mixer, resulting in the 33% reduction of manufacturing cost. 2. Enlarged hopper capacity enabled to feed 60 heads at a batch. 3. Hydraulically controlled gate system saved ergonomic man power. 4. Power transmission system was changed from a chain-sprocket system(27:1) to the gear-train reduction system(38.6:1) to satisfy the recommended use of 540rpm PTO input.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2019

Garlic is one of the most popular seasoning bulb vegetables in Korea and is the most commonly used food ingredient. However, the cultivation areas are decreasing every year as the price drops due to imported garlic, and labor is insufficient to produce garlic by conventional methods. Cultivation requires various tasks until garlic is harvested. Seeding is one of the important and laborious tasks; thus, mechanization is necessary. When seeding garlic, the sprout should face upwards; otherwise, it may rot or produce poor quality garlic. This study investigated the extent of growth of northern- and southern-type garlic in eight different positions. The results show when the roots were not planted properly, the stems were weak, and the garlic bulbs were small. A simple garlic planter was manufactured with a crank-press mechanism to plant garlic in an upright position. Using this machine, a three-fold experiment was carried out with 100 strips of garlic. The test results showed that 99.4% of the planted garlic strips were positioned upright or close to being upright, and 0.6% failed to take root. An image processing algorithm was developed to locate the root part of the garlic, and the result showed a success rate of 81%. A future study will develop an automatic garlic upright planting system with a viewing system.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.452-461
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• 1982

Average yield of wheat and barley cultivars has been increased 3 percent every year by varietal improvement. The major characteristic changes of those improved cultivars were the early maturing and lodging resistance using dwarf genes, 70-90cm of culm length appearances, under the heavy fertilizer application. Looking back the cultural practices of wheat and barley for the last 20 years, the introduction of early maturing and lodging resistance cultivars around 1970 brought the changes of seeding rate from 65kg to 130- 200kg per hector and the tillering increased by heavy fertilizer. The utilization of livestock and man power for preparation of seedbed were gradually disappeared by increasing agricultural mechanization. The narrow-spaced seeding $(40cm {\times} l8cm)$ and drill seeding $(20cm {\times} 5cm)$ in upland, broadcasting or drilling on high ridge $(120cm {\times} 90cm)$ with the power-toller and whole area broadcasting in paddy field were improved as the main cultural method. The use of agricultural machineries reduced the labour consumption of 940 man hours to 180 man hours per hector from seeding to harvest.