• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.54-63
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• 2002

Post-harvest technology for rice was focused on in-bin drying system, which consists of about 100, 000 facilities in 1980s. The modernized Rice Processing Complex (RPC) and Drying Storage Center (DSC) became popular for rice dry, storage, process and distribution from 1990s. However, the percentage of artificial drying for rice is 48% (2001) and the ability of bulk storage is about 15%. Therefore it is necessary to build enough drying and bulk storage facilities. The definition of high quality rice is to satisfy both good appearance and good taste. The index for good taste in rice is a below 7% of protein, 17-20% of amylose, 15.5-16.5% of moisture contents and high concentration of Mg and K. To obtain a high quality rice, it is absolutely needed to integrate high technologies including breeding program, cropping methods, harvesting time, drying, storing and processing methodologies. Generally, consumers prefer to rice retaining below b value of 5 in colorimetry, and the whiteness, the hardness and the moisture contents of rice are in order of consumer preference in rice quality. By selection of rice cultivars according to acceptable quality, the periods between harvesting time and drying reduced up to about 20 days. Therefore it is necessary to develop a low temperature grain drying system in order to (1) increase the rate of artificial rice drying up to 85%, (2) keep the drying temperature of below 45C, (3) maintain high quality in rice and (4) save energy consumption. Bulk storage facilities with low temperature storage system (7-15C) for rice using grain cooler should be built to reduce labor for handling and transportation and to keep a quality of rice. In the cooled rice, there is no loss of grain quality due to respiration, insect and microorganism, which results in high quality rice containing 16% of moisture contents all year round. In addition, introducing a low temperature milling system reduced the percentage of broken rice to 2% and increased the percentage of head rice to 3% because of proper hardness of grain. It has been noted that the broken rice and cracking reduced significantly by using low pressure milling and wet milling. Our mission for improving rice market competitiveness goes to (1) produce environment friendly, functional rice cultivars, (2) establish a grade standard of rice quality, (3) breed a new cultivar for consumer oriented and (4) extend the period of storage and shelf life of rice during postharvest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 1984

Changes in available lysine and water soluble proteins were checked to obtain the desirable condition of processing for boiled Neverita didyma under the various autoclaving temperatures and times. It was also carried out to assess the affect of heat treatments upon the solubility of coagulable substances in boiled products. In order to evaluate the nutritional quality of processed Neverita didyma under the highest available lysine retention and without bacteria, it was studied the value of pepsin-pancreatin digest residue index in comparison with unprocessed (raw) material. The crude protein content of raw material was higher than that of the other mollusks, while the content of crude fat was showing lower value. It was noticed that the higher contents of coagulable substances and water soluble proteins in processed Neverita didyma were obtained under the conditions, retort temperature at $120^{\circ}C$ above, and 40-60 min. sterilization. After the pannel test, the coagulable substances were not found below the level of $0.40{\pm}0.03$ gram nitrogen/ml of juice. The remarkable retention of available lysine (FDNB-reactive lysine) was resulted in the conditions of autoclaving at $115^{\circ}C$ for 40 minutes in boiled Neverita didyma products, and that processing condition was coincide with the condition of commercial sterilization for boiled top shell. It was revealed that the boiled meat of Neverita didyma showed the higher PPDRI(65.85) than that of raw material (63.16).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.251-255
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• 2008

Cholesterol and cholesterol oxide products (COPs) of Gulbi (Pseudosciaena manchurica) processed and stored at different salting times of 5 hours and 5 days were analyzed. The content of cholesterol was $133.4{\pm}5.20\;mg/100\;g$ in the fresh sample. Cholesterol content was decreased during salting and storage; its contents were $130.3{\pm}2.95\;mg/100\;g$ and $87.2{\pm}3.49\;mg/100\;g$ in 5 hours and 5 days salting samples, respectively. The content of 7-ketocholesterol in 5 hours and 5 days salting samples were $75.2{\pm}2.70\;{\mu}g/100\;g$ and $82.4{\pm}3.30\;{\mu}g/100\;g$. The 7-ketocholesterol content of salting sample for 5 hours had no significantly difference for 2 days sun drying, but it was dramatically increased during 5 days sun drying and then increased during storage days. $7{\alpha}-$ and $7{\beta}-hydroxycholesterol$ were not detected in fresh sample, but increased during Gulbi processing and storage. The $7{\alpha}-hydroxycholesterol$ was increased during Gulbi processing and storage and a higher level of $658.1{\pm}6.20\;{\mu}g/100\;g$ was detected in 5 hours salting sample than in 5 days salting sample after 21 days storage. The $7{\beta}-hydroxycholesterol$ also showed similar tendency with $7{\alpha}-hydroxycholesterol$; it was largely increased between 7 and 14 days storage in 5 days salting sample.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.429-439
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• 2019

The objectives of this study were to gauge the extent of the forestry business through establishing the definition of forestry industry from the perspective of economic convergence and to analyze key components that affect each growth phase of a forestry business entity by classifying them. A total of 1,397 "sixth-sector industry" management entities were certified by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs in South Korea from 2012-2017. Of these, 259 (18.5%) were in the forestry sector. In this study, the 259 forestry management entities were further classified into three phases based on sales distribution: entrance, development, and maturity. The entrance phase (<100 million KRW), development phase (>100 million and <1 billion KRW), and maturity phase (>1 billion KRW) constituted 33.2%, 55.4%, and 12.4% of the total 259 entities, respectively. The results showed that most of the management entities were either in the entrance or development phases, and only a small portion was in the maturity phase. To identify the key variables that affect each of the phases, chi-square analysis was used. We designed the "sixth-sector industry" type as an independent variable, whereas selected region, business organization, manager age group, forest product, processing type, and service type were designated as dependent variables. The results of the analysis showed that the processing and service types influenced all three developmental phases. Moreover, as the phase advanced, processing type showed a higher proportion of health-functional ingredients, such as powder or extract from forest products, which enable to develop and produce a variety of products. Service type also changed from simple experience to integrated experience tourism and finally to tourism education. Distribution and sales channel also turned out to be a significant factor during the development phase. This study provides the basic information needed to guide government support in the implementation of a formal forestry business through convergence as well as to increase the efficiency of business management.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.340-360
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• 2010

The depletion of fossil fuels, ecological problems associated with $CO_2$ emissions climate change, growing world population, and future energy supplies are forcing the development of alternative resources for energy (heat and electricity), transport fuels and chemicals: the replacement of fossil resources with $CO_2$ neutral biomass. Several options exist to cover energy supplies of the future, including solar, wind, and water power; however, chemical carbon source can get from biomass only. When used in combination with environmental friend production and processing technology, the use of biomass can be seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical feedstocks. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and chemical products from petroleum. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Biorefinery is the co-production of a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, materials, and chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, and heat) from biomass [definition IEA Bioenergy Task 42]. By producing multiple products, a biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstocks. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol. Future biorefinery may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials as a bridge between agriculture and chemistry that are traditionally produced from petroleum. Industrial biotechnology is expected to significantly complement or replace the current petroleum-based industry and to play an important role.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1609-1614
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• 2008

To provide scientific information for processing of value-added products from onion, volatile flavor compounds were compared in onions harvested in 6 regions, such as Muan (Jeonnam), Buan (Jeonbuk), Andong (Gyeongbuk), and 3 regions of Gyeongnam around Changnyeong (Yueo, Jangma, Seongsan). A total of 51 compounds were detected in samples by solid phase microextraction (SPME)/GC/MSD and they consisted mainly of sulfur-containing compounds (20), aldehydes (4), ketones (5), esters (11), aromatic hydrocarbons (4), nitrogen containing compounds (2), and miscellaneous compounds (5). The sulfur-containing compounds were the major compounds with ranges of $62.6{\sim}80.3%$ of total volatiles, regardless of harvested regions. The amounts of 5 sulfur containing compounds known as having antioxidant activity (2,4-, 2,5-dimetylthiophene, 2-vinyl-1,3-dithiane, 5-methoxy thiazole, and 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane) were the highest in Andong and followed by Yueo, Jangma, Buan, Seongsan, and Muan. However, onions from Buan region had the highest amounts of 5 sulfur-containing compounds known as having anticarcinogenic activity ((Z)-, (E)-methyl propenyl disulfide, (Z)-, (E)-propenyl propyl disulfide, and di-2-propenyl disulfide), followed by Yueo, Andong, Jangma, Seongsan, and Muan.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.565-576
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• 2020

Recently, Jersey cattle was introduced and produced by embryo transfer to Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the differences of milk compositions between Jersey and Holstein cows and the relationship between days in milk (DIM) and milk compositions during early lactation. Data were collected from twelve lactating cows from Department of Animal Resources Development at National Institute of Animal Science. Cows in parity 1 were used, and calved at spring from April to March of 2017. All cows were housed in two sections within a free-stall barn, which divided into six from each breed, and received a basal total mixed ration. Milk samples of each cow were collected at 3 DIM and 30 DIM for analyzing the milk compositions, including fatty acids (FA), amino acids and minerals. Total solids, citrate, and milk urea nitrogen level were differed between the breeds (p < 0.05). As DIM went from 3 to 30, milk protein, total solids, and somatic cell count decreased (p < 0.05), but lactose increased in all breed milk (p < 0.05). Citrate and free fatty acid (FFA) elevated in Jersey milk (p < 0.05), whereas reduced in Holstein milk (p < 0.05). Proportions of some individual FA varied from the breeds. Myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), and arachidonic acid (C20:4) in milk from all cows were higher at 3 DIM than at 30 DIM (p < 0.05). Also, stearic (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were lower at 3 DIM than at 30 DIM (p < 0.05), and the C18:1 to C18:0 ratio was significantly differed in DIM × breed interactions (p < 0.05). The contents of the individual amino acids did not differ from the breeds. Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and zinc (Zn) contents was significantly increased in Holstein milk than Jersey milk at 3 DIM. Also, K and Zn concentrations were higher in Holstein milk than in Jersey milk at 30 DIM (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Jersey cows would produce more effective milk in processing dairy products and more proper energy status compared with Holstein cows in early lactation under the same environmental and nutritional conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.640-650
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• 2020

Objective: Although the slaughter of cull sows (CS) for human consumption and meat products processing appears quite common throughout the world, relatively limited scientific information regarding the meat quality parameters of this pork type is available. The present study aimed at providing the technological quality characteristics and eating quality of CS meat, and comparing with those of commercial pork. Methods: Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle samples of CS and finisher pigs (FP) at 24 h postmortem were collected and used for investigation of the meat quality traits (pH, color, shear force, cooking loss, water holding capacity), fatty acids, flavor compounds and sensory characteristics. Results: The CS meat had significantly higher moisture content (p = 0.0312) and water holding capacity (p = 0.0213) together with lower cooking loss (p = 0.0366) compared to the FP meat. The CS meat also exhibited higher (p = 0.0409) contents of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, p = 0.0213) and more desirable PUFA/total saturated fatty acids ratio (p = 0.0438) compared to the FP meat. A total of 56 flavor compounds were identified, amongst the amount of 16 compounds differed significantly between the two pork groups. Most of the PUFA-derived flavor compounds (e.g., hexanal, benzaldehyde, and hydrocarbons) showed higher amounts in the CS meat. While, 3-(methylthio)-propanal and 4-methylthiazole associated with pleasant aromas (meaty and roast odor notes) were only found in the FP meat. Furthermore, no differences were reported by panelists for flavor, juiciness, tenderness, and acceptability scores between the two pork groups studied. Conclusion: The sow meat exhibited better technological quality and its eating quality could be comparable to the commercial pork. This study provides meat processors and traders with valuably scientific information which may help to improve the utilization and consumption level of sow meat.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1604-1612
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• 1999

The study was carried out to investigate the quality of the wet noodle added with the powders of nopal and nopalitos from Opuntia ficus-indica. The wet noodles were prepared to the ratio of 3, 6 and 9% (w/w) of the nopal and the nopalitos based on a flour weight. The initial pasting temperature and final viscosity in an amylograph decreased as the increase of the nopal and the nopalitos powders. A cooked weight and volume decreased with the increase of the nopal and the nopalitos powders, while a cooking loss increased. From the sensory evaluation, the wet noodles included 3% nopalitos and 6% nopal powders were similarly evaluated as the noodle used whole wheat flour. Bacterial counts of wet noodle with the nopal and the nopalitos powders were always lower than those of the control. Bacterial counts of wet noodle slowly increased as the increase of the amount of nopal and the nopalitos powders during storage at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. The methanol extracts from the nopal showed antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis, while the extracts from the nopalitos showed antimicrobial activity only against Escherichia coli.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

As awareness of environmental issues continues to grow, there is an escalating demand for recycling and repurposing byproducts of agricultural and food production processes and their conversion to high-value products. Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage globally; during coffee beverage processing and consumption, byproducts such as coffee silverskin (CS), spent coffee grounds (SCGs), and oil are generated. Despite containing beneficial materials such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipids, and bioactive substances, these byproducts are typically discarded in landfills or incinerated. The utilization of CS, SCGs, and oil in the development of packaging materials holds significant potentials toward the realization of a sustainable society. To this end, considerable research efforts have been dedicated to the development of high-value materials derived from coffee byproducts, including functional fillers, polymer composites, and biodegradable polymers. Notably, CS and SCGs have been employed as functional fillers in polymer composites. Additionally, lipids extracted from SCGs have been used as plasticizers for polymers and cultured with microorganisms to produce biodegradable polymers. This review focuses on the research and development of polymer/CS and polymer/SCG composites as well as cellulose extraction and utilization from CS and SCGs and its applications, oil extraction from SCGs, and cultivation with microorganisms using extracted oil for polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) production.