• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.403-417
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• 2014

Increased frequency of climate extremes is another face of climate change confronted by humans, resulting in catastrophic losses in agriculture. While climate extremes take place on many scales, impacts are experienced locally and mitigation tools are a function of local conditions. To address this, agrometeorological early warning systems must be place and location based, incorporating the climate, crop and land attributes at the appropriate scale. Existing services often lack site-specific information on adverse weather and countermeasures relevant to farming activities. Warnings on chronic long term effects of adverse weather or combined effects of two or more weather elements are seldom provided, either. This lecture discusses a field-specific early warning system implemented on a catchment scale agrometeorological service, by which volunteer farmers are provided with face-to-face disaster warnings along with relevant countermeasures. The products are based on core techniques such as scaling down of weather information to a field level and the crop specific risk assessment. Likelihood of a disaster is evaluated by the relative position of current risk on the standardized normal distribution from climatological normal year prepared for 840 catchments in South Korea. A validation study has begun with a 4-year plan for implementing an operational service in Seomjin River Basin, which accommodates over 60,000 farms and orchards. Diverse experiences obtained through this study will certainly be useful in planning and developing the nation-wide disaster early warning system for agricultural sector.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.510-517
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze microbial hazards for cultivation environments and personal hygiene of strawberry and tomato farms at the growth and harvesting stage. Samples were collected from thirty strawberry farms and forty tomato farms located in Korea and tested for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. To investigate the change in the distribution of the S. aureus and B. cereus, a total of 4,284 samples including air born, soil or medium, mulching film, harvest basket, groves and irrigation water etc. were collected from eight strawberry farms and nine tomato farms for one year. As a result, total S. aureus and B. cereus in all samples were detected. Among the total bacteria of strawberry farms, S. aureus (glove: $0{\sim}2.1Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, harvest basket: $0{\sim}3.0Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, soil or culture media: 0~4.1 Log CFU/g, mulching film: $0{\sim}3.8Log\;CFU/100cm^2$), B. cereus (glove: $0{\sim}2.8Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, harvest basket: $0{\sim}4.8Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, soil or culture media: 0~5.3 Log CFU/g, mulching film: $0{\sim}4.5Log\;CFU/100cm^2$) were detected in all samples. The total bacteria of tomato farms, S. aureus (glove: $0{\sim}4.0Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, harvest basket: $0{\sim}5.0Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, soil or culture media: 0~6.1 Log CFU/g, mulching film: $0{\sim}4.0Log\;CFU/100cm^2$), B. cereus (glove: $0{\sim}4.0Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, harvest basket: $0{\sim}4.3Log\;CFU/100cm^2$, soil or culture media: 0~5.9 Log CFU/g, mulching film: $0{\sim}4.7Log\;CFU/100cm^2$) were detected in all samples. The contamination of S. aureus and B. cereus were detected in soil, mulching film and harvest basket from planting until harvest to processing, with the highest count recorded from the soil. But S. aureus and B. cereus were not detected in irrigation water samples. The incidence of S. aureus and B. cereus in hydroponics culture farm were less than those in soil culture. The amount of S. aureus and B. cereus detected in strawberry and tomato farms were less than the minimum amount required to produce a toxin that induces food poisoning. In this way, the degree of contamination of food poisoning bacteria was lower in the production environment of the Korea strawberry and tomato, but problems can be caused by post-harvest management method. These results will be used as fundamental data to create a manual for sanitary agricultural environment management, and post-harvest management should be performed to reduce the contamination of hazardous microorganisms.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.25-48
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• 2014

Increased frequency of climate extremes is another face of climate change confronted by humans, resulting in catastrophic losses in agriculture. While climate extremes take place on many scales, impacts are experienced locally and mitigation tools are a function of local conditions. To address this, agrometeorological early warning systems must be place and location based, incorporating the climate, crop and land attributes at the appropriate scale. Existing services often lack site-specific information on adverse weather and countermeasures relevant to farming activities. Warnings on chronic long term effects of adverse weather or combined effects of two or more weather elements are seldom provided, either. This lecture discusses a field-specific early warning system implemented on a catchment scale agrometeorological service, by which volunteer farmers are provided with face-to-face disaster warnings along with relevant countermeasures. The products are based on core techniques such as scaling down of weather information to a field level and the crop specific risk assessment. Likelihood of a disaster is evaluated by the relative position of current risk on the standardized normal distribution from climatological normal year prepared for 840 catchments in South Korea. A validation study has begun with a 4-year plan for implementing an operational service in Seomjin River Basin, which accommodates over 60,000 farms and orchards. Diverse experiences obtained through this study will certainly be useful in planning and developing the nation-wide disaster early warning system for agricultural sector.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.10
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• pp.373-382
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• 2016

Under the Agricultural technology is influenced from climate that is requisite of seasonal. So this system will cover the problems and develop the agricultural industry as well. So far, the agricultural industry is developing however, it has the points of the weakness because of natural disasters such as wind risk and heavy snow. This paper designs system to change vinyl on the greenhouse. This is a preliminary study for the real-time feedback control of greenhouse. The study developed a wireless IoT sensor system based on authentic technology capacities, to integrate with the protected horticulture Management System. These system was used to evaluate the levels of the snow cover and wind through IoT devices. The existing greenhouse uses the warm water to clear snow or to change methods. This system will recover by changing the vinyl which is covered outside of the greenhouse. The points of the system is changing vinyl to spin pipe. It is contained extra vinyl. The effects of this system are minimized labor protected crops from natural disasters. For this purpose, the study first developed a wireless IoT sensor unit that integrates an MEMS device and wireless communication module. Also, the study developed an operating program that enables real-time response measurement. It will help operational and maintenance greenhouse as a result.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to discover a food material having anti-obesity effects and to disseminate information on the effects of the material to people who are interested in anti-obesity. For this study, 11 kinds of Auricularia (wood ear) spp., including 8 strains of Auricularia auricula-polytricha, and 3 strains of A. auricula-judae, were presented by the Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services. 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte cell) was used for identifying the inhibition effect on adipocyte differentiation. As a result, this study found that all the extracts had slightly different degrees of inhibition effects on adipocyte differentiation. Among the A. auricula-polytricha strains, strain 21001 showed the most significant effect (4.58%), and the inhibition effect of strain 21002 (4.43%) was the greatest among A. auricula-judae strains. Overall, the inhibition effect of A. auricula-polytricha strains was greater than that of A. auricula-judae strains. The results of mRNA and protein analysis also demonstrated that the inhibition effect of A. auricula-polytricha 21001 was superior to that of any other strains. An in vivo study using 56 ICR mice (6w, male), was performed for 4 weeks. A. auricula-polytricha 21001, which exhibited the most significant effect in the in vitro study was used to compose six different types of feeds. Daily body weight gain of the high-fat diet containing 0.2% 21001 extract feeding group was $0.22{\pm}0.08g$ (*p < 0.05), and it was 31.25% lower than that of the high-fat diet feeding group ($0.32{\pm}0.06$). Internal organ weight measurement and blood analysis were performed immediately after animal sacrifice. The results proved that treatment with more than 0.1% of A. auricula-polytricha strain 21001 could significantly reduce (more than *p < 0.05) the weight of liver and epididymal fat, and levels of glucose, total cholesterol, AST, and ALT in blood.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.199-202
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• 2007

This study was carried out to provide pest control information for the cultivation of Eleutherococcus senticosus Max. As a result of investigation of the diseases and insect pests, three pathogens and three insect pests were identified from the field sample, respectively. The identified insects pests were aphids, stinkbugs and Bothrogonia japonica. Occurrenre peaks of aphids were occurred on June and August, and generally young leaves and flower buds were injured mainly. The identified diseases were black ring spot caused by Phoma sp., gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and leaf blights caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The black ring spot was the most severe disease and was investigated from the beginning of June, and the incidence of the disease was 30% higher than that on September. As a result of growth test under different temperature conditions on PDA, these pathogens showed the best mycelial growth rate between 25 $^{\circ}$C and 30 $^{\circ}$C, and these results indicate that these diseases occur on hat summer season.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.159-177
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• 2006

Governance systems are basically an autonomous cooperation type among the government, civil society and market, also a new paradigm for efficient and democratic administration of policies. The governance mainly consists of the central operating body, institutions, operating principles and so on. The constituents are the nation(government), civil society(NGO) and market(firm). Institutional conditions are a legitimate base, financial stability and independency. And as a operating principle, governance systems have common goals and issues from a national and social point of view. This governance has been recently emerged due to financial risk of government, diffusion of new liberalism going with the globalization, localization-decentralization, and development of civil society and information-oriented society. We have to grope fur the framework of participatory agri- policy confronting globalization and localization as well as developing our agriculture and rural village. This agri-policy governance should be theoretically focused on policy network or self-organizing network or multi-lateral governance (MLG) based on NPM. Also, it is proper to have connection of nation-central type and civil society-central type. And it is necessary to have a MLG type with local governance corresponding to localization and decentralization. Governance should have the type whose participants have authority and responsibility as well. Basic directions of environmentally friendly agri-policy governance are as follows : first, its purposes are constructing the democratic and efficient framework of participatory environmentally friendly agri-policy based on consensus of all the related groups, embodying environmentally friendly agri-policy adjusted to local field, raising farmer's real interest, and improving their position. Second, its form should have a council or an agreement system, not an advisory or a consultation organ. Thus, public sector(eg. government) and voluntary sector(eg. farmers' organization) jointly execute agricultural policy and are responsible together. Environmentally friendly agri-policy governance is mainly made up of farmers' organization, cooperative and civil society(NGO). And secondary bodies are agribusinesses and academic groups. Government interacts with the main bodies on administrative execution. And environmentally friendly agri-policy governance has MLG type with a central unit, province and county units. Environmentally friendly agri-policy governance has several main functions such as agri-policy partnership, speaking for farmer's rights and interests, investigation and research on domestic and foreign agricultural streams, and etc. Especially, local unit will play roles in activation for regional agriculture, consulting on technique and management, education and training services, services entrusted by government, and so on.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.296-300
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• 2013

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied information to develop the cultivation methods and models and to increase the productivity of high-quality ginseng. Plant height was dramatically increased from one year old to four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Stem length was shown similar tendency as the plant height did. Its range were from 9.4 cm in one year old to about 42.4 cm in four year-old ginseng. The leaf area was clearly increased until four years old, $10.1cm^2$ in one year old to $204.9cm^2$ in four years old, while it was slightly increased after four years old. Root length was continuously increased from one year old until four years old, and then it was grown up very slowly. Tap root length which was measured was appeared about 8 cm from three years old to six years old, showing not much different among the year-olds. The root diameter was continuously increased from one year old to six year-old ginseng, about 2.9 mm and about 19 mm, respectively. The moisture content was higher on the shoot than that on the root. It was slightly decreased as they were getting old. In shoot part, the rate of leaves and stems based on dry weight was about 1 : 1. In the root, the dry weight of tap root was heavier than that of lateral root. The dry weight of shoot was decreased after four years old, while it of the root was continuously increased until six years old, resulting the production of ginseng root. Based on the results of this study, growth characteristics of shoot and root of ginseng were dramatically increased from one year old to four years old and then their growths were appeared different between shoot and root, showing not much growing in shoot and keep growing in root.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.261-269
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• 1989

Agricultural activities in Chejudo require more specialized weather services in this region. The meteorological information available from the Korea Meteorological Service (KMS) is limited in its areal coverage because the KMS stations are located along the narrow band of coastal area. topoclimatological technique which makes use of empirical relationships between the topography and the weather can be applied to produce reasonable estimates of the climatic variables such as air temperature and precipitation over remote land area where routine observations are rare. Presentation of these estimates in a from of fine-mesh grid map can also be helpful to upgrade the quality of weather services in this region. Altitude values of the 250 m grid points were read from a 1: 25000 topographic map and the mean altitude, the mean slope, and the aspect of the slope were determined for each 1 km$^2$ land area from these altitude data. Daily minimum air temperature data were collected from 18 points in Chejudo during the winter period from November 1987 to February 1988. The data were grouped into 3 sets based on synoptic pressure pattern. Departures from the KMS observations were regressed to the topographical variables to delineate empirical relationships between the local minimum temperature under specific pressure patterns and the site topography. The selected regression equations were used to calculate the daily minimum temperature for each 1 km$^2$ land area under the specific pressure patterns. The outputs were presented in a fine-mesh grid map with a 6-level contour capability.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2010

Current rose cultivars are all composed of heterozygous genome due to long history of out crossing including interspecific hybridization. It has been adapted by artificial selection and crossing by breeders that mainly based on the crossing with fertile pollen derived from inter- or intra-specific hybridization. Pollen viability and germination ability tests provide valuable information for the designing of parentage for more successful breeding efficacy. In this study, we tested the pollen viability and germination ability in seven rose cultivars to find any relationship among several factors including pollen size, ploidy levels, and crossing compatibility. The pollen viability showed wide ranges from 39% 'Pinocchio' as minimum to 82% 'Scarlet Mimi' as maximum, whereas pollen germination rate were from 1% 'Mini Rosa' to 41% 'Scarlet Mimi' as a highest. Pollen size ranged from 41.3 to $45.4{\mu}m$ in large sized pollen and 30.7 to $37.4{\mu}m$ in small sized pollen. The mean diameter of large sized pollen is approximately 10-40% bigger than that of small sized pollen. There are positive relationships among ploidy level, total chromosome length, and pollen size. Crossing list showed that seed setting ratio and seed germination were related to pollen viability, pollen germination, and ploidy level.