• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.694-703
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• 2010

Recent studies have reported that a subset of obese individuals who were metabolically healthy but obese had more favorable clinical outcomes than obese subjects with metabolic disturbances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution and agreement of obesity subtypes according to body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Furthermore, we examined the differences of nutrient intake among the groups. Data was analyzed for 1,095 female subjects older than 40 years using Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2008. The degree of obesity was classified by two methods, using BMI (obese ${\geq}\;25\;kg/m^2$, not obese < $25\;kg/m^2$) and MS (meet ${\geq}\;3$ criteria among 5 index: waist circumference, triglyceride, glucose, HDL-cholesterol and blood pressure). Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to $2{\times}2$ cross table: non-obese without MS, non-obese with MS, obese without MS and obese with MS. Nutrient intakes were compared among 4 groups. The results showed that the proportions of non-obese without MS, non-obese with MS, obese without MS and obese with MS were 47.6%, 13.6%, 16.6%, and 22.2% of total subjects, respectively. The agreement (kappa value) of two methods was 0.354 (fair) in total subjects, 0.365 (fair) in 40-60 year old subjects and 0.304 (fair) in ${\geq}\;61$ year old subjects. In ${\geq}\;61$ years old subjects, intakes of percentage energy from carbohydrate, percentage of energy from fat, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, vitamin A, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin were significantly different among the groups. In contrast, the subjects of 40-60 years old, no differences in nutrient intakes were observed. In conclusion, there were differences in nutrient intakes among the groups subdivided by obesity and MS, especially in elderly female subjects. Individualized dietary guideline for subtype of obesity will be needed to treat metabolic disturbance of obesity.

• Atmosphere
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-169
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• 2007

A comparison of the three land cover data sets (United States Geological Survey: USGS, International Geosphere Biosphere Programme: IGBP, and University of Maryland: UMd), derived from 1992-1993 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) data sets, was performed over the Asian continent. Preprocesses such as the unification of map projection and land cover definition, were applied for the comparison of the three different land cover data sets. Overall, the agreement among the three land cover data sets was relatively high for the land covers which have a distinct phenology, such as urban, open shrubland, mixed forest, and bare ground (>45%). The ratios of triple agreement (TA), couple agreement (CA) and total disagreement (TD) among the three land cover data sets are 30.99%, 57.89% and 8.91%, respectively. The agreement ratio between USGS and IGBP is much greater (about 80%) than that (about 32%) between USGS and UMd (or IGBP and UMd). The main reasons for the relatively low agreement among the three land cover data sets are differences in 1) the number of land cover categories, 2) the basic input data sets used for the classification, 3) classification (or clustering) methodologies, and 4) level of preprocessing. The number of categories for the USGS, IGBP and UMd are 24, 17 and 14, respectively. USGS and IGBP used only the 12 monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), whereas UMd used the 12 monthly NDVI and other 29 auxiliary data derived from AVHRR 5 channels. USGS and IGBP used unsupervised clustering method, whereas UMd used the supervised technique, decision tree using the ground truth data derived from the high resolution Landsat data. The insufficient preprocessing in USGS and IGBP compared to the UMd resulted in the spatial discontinuity and misclassification.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 2014

Soil moisture is an essential satellite-driven variable for understanding hydrologic, pedologic and geomorphic processes. The European Space Agency (ESA) has endorsed soil moisture as one of Climate Change Initiates (CCI) and had merged multi-satellites over 30 years. The $0.25^{\circ}$ coarse resolution soil moisture satellite data showed correlations with variables of a water stress index, Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), from a stepwise regression analysis. The ancillary data from TVDI, Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from MODIS were inputted to a multi-regression analysis for estimating the surface soil moisture. The estimated soil moisture was validated with in-situ soil moisture data from April, 2012 to March, 2013 at Andong observation sites in South Korea. The soil moisture estimated using satellite-based LST and NDVI showed a good agreement with the observed ground data that this approach is plausible to define spatial distribution of surface soil moisture.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.415-426
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• 2015

Researches have been done to discover ways to strengthen peat soil deposits. In this model study, fibrous peat that is the most compressible types of peat has been reinforced with precast peat columns stabilized with ordinary Portland cement and polypropylene fibres. Rowe cell consolidation tests as well as plate load tests (PLTs) were conducted on various types of test samples to evaluate the strength and deformation of untreated peat and peat reinforced by various types of columns. PLTs were conducted in a specially designed and fabricated circular steel test tank. The compression index ($C_c$) and recompression index ($C_r$) of fibrous peat samples reduced considerably upon use of precast columns. Also, PLT results confirmed the results obtained from Rowe cell tests. Use of polypropylene fibres added to cement further decreased ($C_c$) and ($C_r$) and increased load bearing capacity of untreated peat. Finite element method (FEM) using Plaxis 3D was carried out to evaluate the stress distributions along various types of tested samples and also, to compare the deformations obtained from FEM analysis with the actual maximum deformations found from PLTs. FEM results indicate that most of the induced stresses are taken on the upper portion of tested samples and reach their maximum values below the loading plate. Also, a close agreement was found between actual deformation values obtained from PLTs and values resulted from FEM analysis for various types of tested samples.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

Purpose - This study attempted to discover the impact of the Korea-China FTA(Free Trade Agreement) on electronic products distribution industry. Strategies will be provided to expand both countries' trade after the Korea-China FTA. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the differences before and after the Korea-China FTA, using an RCA(Revealed Comparative Advantage) index, TC(Technology Sophistication Index) index and TSI(Trade Specialization Index) that considered the FTA tariff situation. Data was collected from the International Trade Statistics Database and Korea, China Customs Service. Results - The results indicate that following the Korea-China FTA, China and Korea's bilateral trade of electronic products is expected to expand, and both countries will experience net welfare gains from the markets' expansion. Korea is competitive in several key products, although it faces competition from China. China's electronic products' competitiveness have indicated an increasing trend. Conclusions - The two countries should closely cooperate and communicate with each other. Ultimately, Korea should focus on high-tech, sophisticated techniques to gain market advantage. On the other hand, with the tariff decrease as well as the labor cost and labor force base, China will greatly be able to benefit from the manufacturing of medium- to low-end products in the future.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.101-106
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• 2011

Purpose : This study evaluated the potential use of the computed tomography indices (CTI) on cone beam CT (CBCT) images for an assessment of the bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Materials and Methods : Twenty-one postmenopausal osteoporotic women and 21 postmenopausal healthy women were enrolled as the subjects. The BMD of the lumbar vertebrae and femur were calculated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a DXA scanner. The CBCT images were obtained from the unilateral mental foramen region using a PSR-$9000N^{TM}$ Dental CT system. The axial, sagittal, and coronal images were reconstructed from the block images using $OnDemend3D^{TM}$. The new term "CTI" on CBCT images was proposed. The relationship between the CT measurements and BMDs were assessed and the intra-observer agreement was determined. Results : There were significant differences between the normal and osteoporotic groups in the computed tomography mandibular index superior (CTI(S)), computed tomography mandibular index inferior (CTI(I)), and computed tomography cortical index (CTCI). On the other hand, there was no difference between the groups in the computed tomography mental index (CTMI: inferior cortical width). Conclusion : CTI(S), CTI(I), and CTCI on the CBCT images can be used to assess the osteoporotic women.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.959-961
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• 2011

Manure-based composts can have detrimental effects on the agricultural lands and crops if they are applied without proper stabilization process. Composting is well-known method for the stabilization of manure-based composts and the extent of composting could be examined by maturity test. Among various methods to examine compost maturity, the performances of two mechanical methods (Solvita and CoMMe-100) were examined and the test results were compared with seed germination test. The mechanical methods are considered to be simple and relatively objective. Also they are cost- and time-efficient. Ten commercially available composts collected in Korea were used for this study. Basically, the maturity determined with these mechanical methods was in good agreement with the seed germination test. However, it appeared that the index levels of compost maturity indicated more maturity by CoMMe-100 than Solvita for the same compost. The differences between maturity index levels determined by both methods were able to be minimized through extending the reaction time for CoMMe-100 and adjusting index level for maturity determination in the standard color chart.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.138-146
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• 2013

Tetrapod, one of the famous armor blocks for rubble mound breakwaters, has been widely used in the world. In order to evaluate the required weight of Tetrapod, many researchers have proposed various stability formulas. Since the stability formulas were proposed by curve-fitting the experimental data, some uncertainties are included in the formulas. The main uncertainties are associated with experimental data, derivation of the formula, and variability of the design variables. In this study, a new stability formula is developed by using M5' model tree, which reduces the uncertainty in the derivation of the formula. The index of agreement is used to evaluate the performance of the developed formula. The index of agreement for the new formula is higher by about 0.1 than the previous formula. The performance of the previous formula was not good when the predicted stability number is greater than about 3.0. However. the new formula is accurate regardless of the magnitude of stability number. As a result, the new formula performs better than the previous formula, while expressed in the form of a tree but still in an explicit form.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-30
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• 2011

When the European Union countries (EU27) are viewed as the composition between the old member countries (EU15) and the new member states (NMS12), the statistics exhibit that the EU15 is the largest trade partner of the NMS12. According to the Korea-EU FTA agreement, the existing patterns of trade among the EU15, the NMS12, and Korea may create not only the increase in trade opportunity between the NMS12 and Korea, but also the higher rivalry threat on export from the NMS12 to the EU15 destination due to the potential increase in export from Korea to the EU15 market. This research examines in both potential impacts at the 3-digit level of SITC Rev.3 industry, in the point of view of the NMS12. Various conventional trade indices are employed in the study. However, the existing trade index exhibits the limitation for measuring the different degree of rivalry threat on exports of two different exporters in the same export destination. Hence, this study develops a new trade index, the so-called Rivalry Threat Index (RTI), to measure the export competition between the NMS12 and Korea in the EU15 destination. The results indicate that from the point of view of the NMS12, the EU-Korea FTA agreement may cause Korea acts as a trade partner and as an export competitor simultaneously.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2009

We measured the dose distribution for spinal cord and tumor using Gafchromic film, applying 3D and 4D-Treatment Planning for lung tumor within the phantom. A measured dose distribution was compared with a calculated dose distribution generated from 3D radiation treatment planning and 4D radiation treatment planning system. The agreement of the dose distribution in tumor for 3D and 4D treatment planning was 90.6%, 97.64% using gamma index computed for a distance to agreement of 1 mm and a dose difference of 3%. However, a gamma agreement index of 3% dose difference tolerence of and 2 mm distance to agreement, the accordance of the dose distribution around cord for 3D and 4D radiation treatment planning was 57.13%, 90.4%. There are significant differences between a calculated dose and a measured dose for 3D radiation treatment planning, no significant differences for 4D treatment planning. The results provide the effectiveness of the 4D treatment planning as compared to 3D. We suggest that the 4-dimensional treatment planning should be considered in the case where such equipments as Cyberknife with the real time tracking system are used to treat the tumors in the moving organ.