• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1213-1219
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• 2010

We evaluated the anti-aging potential and safety of black garlic extract for cosmeceutical ingredient. Black garlic was made by spontaneous fermentation for 40 days at $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, 85~95% RH without any additives. The 10% black garlic extract had sweet odor, antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities of skin againg enzymes such as tyrosinase and elastase. The skin safety was performed to evaluate of potential toxicity using the primary irritation test and skin sensitization test. The black garlic extract did not show any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites at primary irritation test, but on abraded sites, some experimental animals showed very slight erythema. So, the black garlic extract was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on the score 0.23 of primary irritation index. The skin sensitization study was tested by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) with intradermal injection of 10% black garlic extract. The skin sensitization test showed no skin sensitization. The allergic sensitization depends on tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The concentration of IL-6 on challenged tissue of treated with black garlic extract was not significantly different with negative control group (saline treated group). Based on this study, the potential for black garlic as a cosmeceutical ingredient was proven.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2001

The ratio of the elderly population is rapidly growing due to socio-economic development and better medical services. As the average life-span of the Korean elderly becomes longer, the proportion of the elderly is increasing. Therefore, the elderly need to sustain a high quality of life. However, all these factors, such as sensory loss, decreased endurance, mobility limitation, and a loss of independence, act to diminish the quality of life among the elderly. It is necessary for elders to adapt themselves to aging, to maintain their physical functions and especially, it is important to keep their independence in activity of daily living and self care. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the degree of activity in daily living and exercise of a self-care agency and to investigate the relationship between activity of daily living and self-care agency. Also, this research aimed to contribute to nursing interventions that maintain and promote quality of life of the elderly and to enable themselves to live independently. The subject of this study were 160 elders, over age 65, who were sampled in C city. Data were collected by observation and questionnaires from May,1999 to December, 1999. The measurement tools were Barthel Index(1979), Lawton & Brody(1969) for activity of daily living and Kearney & Fleischer(1979) for self-care agency. Data were analyzed by SAS PC+ package and included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The mean of ADL and IADL was 96.09 and 16.38, respectively. The score described activity of daily living among the elders in C province as moderate. Particularly, in the items of IADL, the item of medication was the highest score. 2. The mean for exercise of self-care agency was 76.48, a moderate degree. 3. The degree of ADL and IADL according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in pocket money, the presence of disease, perceived health status and in occupation, pocket money, family type, the presence of disease, and perceived health status, respectively. 4. The dagree of selt-care agency according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in gender, education level, economic status, and pocket money. 5. There was a significant positive correlation between activity in daily living and self-care agency. Based on these results, further research is suggested to discover the variables influencing the activity of daily living and self-care agency to develop nursing strategies for improving self-care and activity of daily living among the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.536-545
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate osteopenia and osteoporosis prevalence of radius and tibia using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and to identify affecting factors of osteoporosis. A total of 4,340 women aged 40 - 69 years, living in Ansung (rural) and Ansan (mid-sized) area, and free of illnesses affecting bone metabolism participated in the community-based cohort study. Among them 4,059 subjects measured radius bone density and 4,089 measured tibia. The T-score threshold, defined as < -1.0 and $\le$-2.5, was used to identify subjects with osteopenia and osteoporosis by WHO criteria. The crude prevalence of osteoporosis in radius and tibia was $8.4\%$ and $23.3\%$ respectively; after adjustment for age, it changed $6.3\%$ and $18.8\%$. In simple logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased by aging, non-marital status, low education, low income. Otherwise, high intakes of Ca/P, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin E were decreased osteoporosis prevalence. Compared to the normal BMI (body mass index) group 08.5 $\le$ BMI < 23), the odds ratio (ORs) of the low BMI group (BMI < 18.5), and high BMI groups (BMl25-30, BMI $\ge$ 30) were significantly increased. The OR of osteoporosis decreased across increasing quartiles of intakes of Ca, P and Ca/P. Therefore, maintaining normal BMI and increasing Ca intake and Ca/P ratio may have a beneficial effect on bone health of Korean women.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2011

To investigate the alleviative effect of white tea water extract on the inflammation and skin barrier damage, skin aging animal model was produced by the irradiation of UVB to the backs of hairless mice for 12 weeks. And then experimental materials were applied topically for 4 weeks. At the 28th day of experiment, positive control (PC, 0.01% retinoic acid treatment) and experimental groups (E1, 1% white tea water extract treatment; E2, 2% white tea water extract treatment) had significantly (p<0.001) lower values of both skin erythema index and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) than the control (C, saline treatment) group. The appearance of mast cell and the degree of its degranulation in dermal and subcutaneous layers were remarkably reduced in E1 and E2 groups compared to the C group. It is found that white tea water extract is effective in skin barrier damage and inflammation in hairless mouse.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.949-958
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the association of age, nutrient intake, alcohol drinking and smoking on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in 100 healthy adults (54 males and 46 females). The serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05), apolipoprotein B (Apo B) levels, LDL-C:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, Apo B:apolipoprotein(Apo A-I) ratio and atherogenic index (AI) (p<0.001) were significantly higher in males than females, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (p<0.01) in males than females. The plasma ascorbic acid concentration had no difference in both genders. Most of nutrient intakes except Ca, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ were higher than RI (Recommended intake) in both males and females. The meal frequency per day was significantly higher (p<0.01) in males than females, while meal speed, the heaviest meal, meal quantity and meal regularity had no significant differences. The rates of drinking and smoking were significantly higher (p<0.01) in males (59.3%, 37.2%) than females (17.3%, 6.9%). The age was positively correlated with triglyceride level in males (p<0.05), and with total cholesterol (p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p<0.001), Apo B (p<0.01), LDL-C:HDL-C ratio (p<0.01), Apo B:Apo A-I ratio (p<0.05) and AI (p<0.01) in females. The levels of serum lipid and apolipoprotein were more correlated with protein intake than other macronutrient intakes in males, while those in females were more correlated energy, carbohydrate and lipid intakes than protein intake. The effect of drinking on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels was bigger in males than females, while the effect of smoking on those was bigger in females than males. The plasma ascorbic acid concentration was positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), Apo A-I levels (p<0.001), whereas negatively correlated with Apo B:Apo A-I ratio (p<0.05) in males. And that was positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) in females. These results suggest that moderate macronutrient intake, less alcohol consumption and non-smoking were necessary to maintain healthy lipid profile with aging in adults.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.286-299
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• 2016

The increase of elderly population is inevitable a universal trend in developed countries. The Korea also followed this tendency. Especially the elderly population in Korea has been rapidly increasing since the 1990s. The rural population is aging more rapidly than the urban one because younger generations move into the urban area, due to better jobs and children education's opportunities. However, the majority of studies on population ageing are focused on the urban area rather than the rural ones. Rural areas also have been excluded as a priority of the national welfare policy for the elderly people. This paper tries to analyze the population ageing among regions and to identify the regional disparity between the elderly people and the level of public services in the rural area. Based upon these results, this study notes some policy alternatives for the improvement of quality of life of the rural elderly. It also suggests on the suitable location of public service facilities in the rural areas.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.345-352
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• 2019

This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the length of stay in elderly pediatric inpatients in traffic accidents. We used Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury data on the discharged from 2012 to 2016. Statistically significant factors affecting the length of stay are admission route, Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI), injury parts, operation, results, hospital area, and beds for hospitals. The length of stay was shorter in the case of the admission route of the outpatient department than the emergency room, the results were not improved or death rather than improved, and the bed size was 500-999 beds or over 1000 beds rather than 100-299 beds. However, the length of stay was longer in the case of CCI score was 1-2 or over 3 rather than 0, injury parts were other parts rather than head/neck, when the operation was yes, and when the hospital area was a province, metropolitan rather than Seoul. This study intends to understand the medical characteristics of inpatient to prevent pedestrian traffic accidents in accordance with the population aging. Based on this finding, we wish to be used as the basic data for the establishment of policies to effectively manage traffic safety and medical resources in consideration of the characteristics of the elderly people.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

Objectives : To estimate the awareness, treatment and control rate, as well as to identify the awareness-related factors for hypertension. Methods : The study participants were 482 adults (men 206, women 276), aged 45 or over, diagnosed with hypertension and living in Chuncheon. The awareness rate was defined as the proportion of persons among those with hypertension who had previously been diagnosed by a physician. The treatment rate was defined as the proportion of persons who had used anti-hypertensive medication, among those who were aware of their hypertension. The control rate was defined as the proportion of persons who kept blood pressure normal, among those who had been treated for their hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out for the awareness-related factors using SAS VER 8.1. Results : The awareness, treatment, and control rate were 55,8% (53.4% for men; 57.6% for women), 89.6% (87,2% for men; 91.2% for women), and 34.4% (28.1 % for men; 38.6% for women), respectively. The awareness-related factors included a family history of hypertension (odds ratio[OR], 5.63; 95% confidence interval[95% CI]=1.53-20.72), smoking([Ex; OR 0.38, 95% CI= 0.15-0.96)], [Current; OR 0.28, 95% CI=0.10-0.80]), and alcohol intake ([Ex; OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.03-10.09],[Current; OR 3.36, 95% CI=1.30-8.71]) for men, and education(OR 2.23, 95% CI=1.10-4.53), body mass index(OR 2.72, 95% CI=1.13-6.53), and self-rated health(OR 2.38, 95% CI=1.07-5.30) for women. Conclusions : The awareness rate of hypertension among the middle aged and elderly in Chuncheon was 55.8%. The related factors of awareness were gender specific. Further studies are needed to elucidate the putative reasons for these gender differences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.506-510
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• 2002

The effect of antioxidant activity of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on the liposomal phospholipid membrane was investigated by spectrophotometry. Membrane oxidation causes damage to the membrane fluidity and permeability. It brings further destruction to the sustenance of biological homeostasis. In addition, it is related to several diseases, aging and carcinogenesis. The sample PG was extracted and fractionated to five different types; butanol (PGMB), ethylacetate (PGMEA), ethylether (PGMEE), hexane (PGMH) and methanol (PGMM). The oxidation indices of PGMEA and PGMEE fractions in oxidized dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposomes had stronger antioxidant activities than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and were similar to antioxidant activities compared with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), a well-known potent antioxidant, in oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation indices of PGMM extract, PGMB and PGMH fractions exhibited weak antioxidant activity compared with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol in oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation indiex of PGMEE fractions added with vitamin C showed even strong antioxidant activity in the oxidized DLPC liposomes. The oxidation activity of BHT with vitamin C also proved to be stronger than BHT without vitamin C. Therefore vitamin C evidently helps to improve the effect of antioxidant in DLPC liposomes. These results indicate that potentially bioactive substances in PGMEE fraction has a function as potent antioxidant against phospholipid membrane oxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2018

The protection and management of old trees is important in the context of heritage protection and landscape construction. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk indicators of the health evaluation system for the old trees, and to provide methods for the protection and management of the old trees that are at risk. According to the index and weighted values obtained in the previous study the scores can be calculated on a 100-point scale. According to the score, the grades are divided into 5 levels. This study takes the case of a total of 30 old trees, including a Chinese juniper, located in Gyeongju Yangdong village, to evaluate the degree of danger in their actual condition. The results showed that of the Chinese juniper tree is at the healthy level, with the score of about 70, and is therefore in Level C. The trees in Yangdong village at high risk should be improved quickly. The standards set for the 5-level score graph and the establishment of a health evaluation system can reflect the actual situation of the old trees in Yangdong village, so it is both practical and scientific.